Mesa Shading Master Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mesa Shading Master Plan - Essay ExampleThis sheath of blend tolerate be used to the sidewalks and pedestrian corridors. Trees can be planted in order to pause shade along the sidewalks. Trees like Delonix Regia and Gleditsia tricanthos are a better choice because they can survive harsh climate conditions, grow fast and do not puzzle harvest-time.Green roof is the best kind of roofing that can be used in areas such as busbar stops and intersections. This kind of shading is environmental friendly, and they ensure conservation of the environment and tackle the loss of biodiversity.This type of shading increases energy efficiency while providing shading. If this kind of shading is installed in parking lots, they will produce clean energy as well as shading the cars from direct sunlight.In Mesa Dr, we shall take aim the Delonix regiaon trees on the streets. These kinds of trees are drought resistant and grow very fast. We shall avoid trees like the pride of Bolivia tree because o f its strong roots that can uproot sidewalk pavement. E University Dr will adopt the solar shading as this will enable generate extra power for the surrounding areas. N bone marrow streets should be planted with Muskogee Crape Myrtle. These trees provide shade as this type does not bear fruit and grows quickly.Grynning, S., Time, B., & Matusiak, B. (2014). Solar shading control strategies in cold climates - Heating, cooling demand and daylight availability in office spaces. Solar Energy, 107182-194. doi10.1016/j.solener.2014.06.007Sun, L., Lu, L., & Yang, H. (2012). Optimum design of shading-type building-integrated photovoltaic claddings with different surface azimuth angles. use Energy, 90(1), 233-240.

Fieldwork observation report - Math summary Essay

Fieldwork observation report - Math summary - Essay ExampleThe teacher informed the students of the main aim of the lesson ahead giving explanations of the content. The teacher would explain the listening outcome before introducing the new concept in the lesson. In order to maintain the smooth flow of the content, the teacher reminded the students of what they learnt in their previous lessons (Hewitt, 2013).The student would participate actively by giving answers to the questions as ks and the teacher would accept the cleanse answer through applauding the. After the interactive session of the previous lesson the teacher then engaged the students to learn the new ideas in the lesson. The central focus of the lesson was on the 2 digit multiplication. The students were given the examples from the word pars and were judge to solve the two sums each at the individual level before they proceeded to the next session of throng discussion. The two digit multiplication required previous skills on solving the place value units together with single multiplication. The place value of numbers for tens and ones were necessary for the students because they formed the foundation of the next lesson which based on the two digits multiplications.The knowledge of the previous lesson guided the teacher into the main objective of the lesson which was to use word equation to do multiplication of two digit multiplication. The teacher explained two examples using the word equations to solve two digit multiplications. The students at individual levels were given two sums to solve after which the teacher marked their lick books. The students were given their feedback which they later shared amongst themselves. The teacher explained the vocabularies used such the double digit number to hatch that a number that has two digits and the meaning of the place values of tens once and multiplication by. The students got familiar with the cost and were able to use them in the group discu ssions

Engineering ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Engineering ethics - Assignment Examplegained through studying, experience and blueprint is used to invent ways of utilizing economically the scarce materials and forces of nature to benefit mankind. It is therefore implicit that passkey and ethical practices should be upheld to ensure public good is realized.In the recent engineers have failed to remain utilize to upholding high personal honour and paid integrity and accountability as they should in their practice. Despite the position that their duties are clearly stated in all the phases of an engineering project and they are expected to center on achieving goals set in their area of competence within the time allocated, there are complains of curt quality of work, failure to meet deadlines and failure to adhere by the governing rules especially about environmental conservation. This causes the society to doubt their professional integrity and accountability. Engineers are expected to be faithful to their employers and hand le their clients tuition with confidentiality where necessary .It is ethical to be open to their colleagues and disclose eachthing that can affect their image directly or indirectly to their clients and society at large in order to uphold confidence in professional engineers. Society seeks engineering services from those who show integrity and good citizenship. (Koen, B.V)Engineering projects are always make in teams, for a effective teamwork members are expected to utilise the skills or their specialists knowledge without looking master at others. They should be honest and forthright with distributively other, accepting responsibilities for ones action whether good or injurious for fast identification and correction of errors that could otherwise result to failure of the whole project. Objective criticism of each others work improves the coordination and participation amongst all the team members. All members should present their statements or any information regarding projec t progress without fear of

Essay in International Relations Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

In International Relations - Essay Examplethither ar proofs that women can positively influence political culture, political approaches, and political decisions when they are part of the decision-making process. legion(predicate) women have been roundly involved in international affairs as wild pansymakers working with both parties in order to come up with a diplomatic solution coordinating with early(a) actors and inspiring other women to be vigorously involved. Almost all women seem to have a quite different mentation of violence, security, and peace than majority of men. Drude Dahlerup, an expert in feminist theory, believes that womens political involvement should be considered a potential for change. With a greater number of women in power, there has, based on the Scandinavian policymakers she has talked with, been an sinless array of political changes. Chenoy and Vanaik investigate womens political status in South Asia. Their main bearing is to find out whether changing the gender balance in major agencies responsible for conflict resolution, security, and peace will create opportunities for more nonviolent solution to conflicts. They claim that it is the realism principle which prevailed in the immanent conflicts in the area and the relationship amidst Pakistan and India (Skjelsboek et al., 2001). The principle of realism believes in patriarchy, which further influence stout ideas of womanhood (Steans et al., 2013). Chenoy and Vanaik believe that in order to transform the political environment there should be a new framework for international security, which should be rooted in the understanding that gender is a grammatical constituent of the political domain and is integral to states identity and the international communitys structure. Similarly, Samuel refers to the large number of complexities and inconsistencies that describe the participation of women in conflict resolution in Sri Lanka. Womens status and roles in Sri Lanka have transfo rmed because of the persistent conflict. The slaughter of men has brought about an increasing number of female-led households. Samuel thoroughly explained the many womens efforts with regard to the arena of conflict resolution (Banerjee, 2008). Womens associations have collaborated vigorously with human rights agencies. The arranging Women for Peace successfully mobilized an appeal asking for negotiations this consequently resulted in the preliminary series of political discussions between the Tamil revolutionary leaders and government officials in 1984 (Banerjee, 2008). Samuel demonstrates the vital part that women and womens organizations have effect in conflict resolution operations, and emphasizing the value of having a greater number of women engaged in the process of decision-making. Slapsak, on the other hand, presents comprehensive cultural and historical information to understand how women responded to the Yugoslav war. She claims that end-to-end the war those involved, especially womens organizations, used ancient stories of being a masculinity and femininity (Bahun-Radunovic & Rajan, 2008). Her take in shows that historically, and even literarily, women are viewed as equally strong leaders as men. The idea that relationships among nations would be more diplomatic or nonviolent if women occupy powerful positions focuses mainly on the conventional belief that women are less antagonistic or aggressive and, on the contrary, more peace-loving and compassionate gender (Bahun-Radunovic & Rajan, 2008). By studying the attitude and behavior of high-ranking women in the public and private sector, it may be crystal clear to assume that women who occupied powerful positions exhibited masculine features, making the idea that women in power are more conciliatory and are peacemakers

Geology of Venezuela Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Geology of Venezuela - Research Paper ExampleOn the other hand, Angel Falls is an measurable geographic landmark of Venezuela since it ranks as the largest waterfall worldwide. Another geographical feature like Lake Maracaibo in entropy America is found in Venezuela. Archeologists to a fault carried out studies and found that Venezuela has the oldest rocks in the world (Padoan, Rossetti, & Rubatto, 2014). Nonetheless, the rich biodiversity finds its can from the tropical climate that favors many wildlife habitats like mountains, plains, and islands.Venezuelas geographical features explain its importance to tourism activities (Padoan, Rossetti, & Rubatto, 2014). apart(predicate) from one of the longest rivers in the continent, the countrys coastline is the longest along the Caribbean region. Natural resource wise, Venezuela is rich in vegetable oil colour reserves as well as natural gas. Studies show that Venezuelas oil reserves atomic number 18 some of the largest in the world . In 2011 for instance, the countrys government confirmed that Venezuela has a lot of oil reserves above significant oil reserves of the Middle East Delta (Miller, Vandome, & Mcbrewer, 2009). Oil reserves also exist along the Orinoco River in the form of oil sands as conventional form of oil reserves. In terms of biodiversity, the country is among the top 20 high-diverse countries in the world. An outstanding 40% of the country is protect areas (Silvano, 2008). Therefore, research seeks to discuss some of the natural resources present in Venezuela as well as geographical features that add to the importance of the country to the South American continent.Venezuela has the largest oil reserves in the West hemisphere (Silvano, 2008). As at 2011, the countrys oil reserves were valued at 297.6 barrels activities (Padoan, Rossetti, & Rubatto, 2014). several(prenominal) of the economically important natural resources in Venezuela include natural gas and petroleum. Mining of these natura l resources accounts for a good percentage of the countrys GDP. On the other

The Master and the Disciple - Who is Who in the World of the Research Paper

The Master and the Disciple - Who is Who in the World of the Counter parole - Research Paper ExampleThe two intelligence communities have been working in close cooperation with each other since the first timid steps of the FBI in counter-espionage, and are still working together, even closer than ever, due to a set of reasons their paths followed in many a(prenominal) ways different directions, in the meaning of strategic goals, budgetary constraints with the ensuing structural features, staffing, and efficiency, with all the consequences that caulescent from it. And finally, the paper draws a conclusion that sharing common values and pursuing similar objectives, in peculiar(prenominal) after the decay of the British Empire, and what is more important, learning from each others failures and achievements, the US and the British concepts of intelligence and counterintelligence have quite logically and understandably converged. Counterintelligence means information gathered and acti vities conducted to encourage against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted for or on behalf of external powers, organizations or persons, or international terrorist activities, but not including personnel, physical, document or communications security programs.(Executive Order 12333 - United States intelligence activities, Part 3 General Provisions, art. 3.4 Definitions, retrieved on 14 April 2010 http//www.cia.gov/about-cia/ eo12333.html) Since the very dawn of the purposeful gathering of information about the plans, capabilities and intentions of foreign powers, it had become essential for a nation not only to keep the powers concerned unaware of that knowledge but also to preserve its own plans, capabilities, and intentions from being revealed. Besides the broad national interest, its the ever-growing essential of effectively detecting and countering the possible threats and hostile activities, which makes any intelligence entity to produce a significant parturiency in order to safeguard its own operations.

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Consumer Behaviour - Essay compositors caseThis in turn allows the organisations to formulate the marketing plan and strategies accordingly.Owing to increasing globalization and changes in the boilers suit world, customers have now become more aware (Leslie, 1995). This in turn has growingd the importance of customers in the shape of formulating different strategies. It has become essential for the organisations to understand the attitudes and demeanor of the consumers, in order to ensure that the single products have high acceptance and demand. Marketing plans and strategies are used by the organisations in order to increase the visibility and demand of the product. If these marketing strategies are integrated with the consumer behaviour and attitudes, the impact of these strategies can be modify (Varadarajan & Menon, 1988).In this report an attempt has been made to understand the tempt of these consumer behaviour models and theories on the marketing strategies of the organi sations. dissimilar marketing activities of Coca Cola have been used to explain the use of these models and theories in order to influence the process of decision making and consumer choice. For this purpose, it is first important to understand the relationship of marketing strategy and consumer behaviour. Once, intellect of this relationship will be developed it will become easier to comprehend the impact of different consumer behaviour models and theories on the marketing activities of the organisation (Vermeulen & Seegers, 2009).Most of the large organisations are aware of the importance of the understanding of consumer behaviour. brain the attitudes and behaviour of consumer enables the organisations to ensure the long term profits and growths associated with the products being offered (Gardner, 1985). First step in the process of formulating effective and efficient marketing strategy in order to survive in competitive perseverance is understanding and anticipating the consu mer behaviour (Hawkins &

LAB Ethogram Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LAB Ethogram - Assignment ExampleThe hoot flies with regular, up and down undulations of the travel, record hop from commencement to branch and swings its tail from side to side while on a perched (standstill) position.This is a carnivorous species which feeds on insects, both flying and crawling. This species specifically hunts its prey in-flight through abrupt flight from a perch. However, it also hops from branch to branch in search of food and at the same time runs along the build alternating with regular hops, while turning over leaves in check of crawling insects hidden underneath.The endorse common behavior was that I would call grooming, whereby many of the birds could be spotted lining forbidden their plumage, shaking of dust from their feathers, picking oil from their tails and applying it along the feathers and washing by beating their wings up and down on a water surface. Others of these behaviors can be termed recreational for example when the bird lays itself unde r direct sunlight and opens up its wings to enable heat penetration in amid its wing and body. Most of these grooming and recreational behaviors are individual, but, cordial behaviors could also be observed.These include cases where phallic birds, more bright in colours were spotted on display singing together. This is a attribute of the mating period, when males go on display to attract females to mate with, hence leading to reproduction. Nesting is the next social behavior when two birds, presumable male and female are spotted combining efforts to construct a nest where the eggs will be laid, hatched and the young ones raised from. Response to calls was evident as to alert others of the discovery of a food patch or alert in case of a n intruder. This could be judged by the kind of response that followed any particular call.In conclusion, a outcome of behaviors were observed to be interconnected to the welfare of the species along to its biological processes. These include gro oming, which was found out to

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

Case write up - Essay ExampleFrom that time it has become one of the dominant players among the three big giants of the soft draw industry. It has become the most valuable brand in the world. Not only coke it also manufactures more other flavour of soft draws like Fanta, Sprite, ready to drink coffee, juices etc. The company has its setup in all over the world with largest distribution system of beverage.There are many legal solvents confused with the business of soft drinks and water based beverages. As one of the manufacturer of soft drink coco Cola also has to maintain the legal issues. The company has to maintain a certain standard for the makeup of package water and other beverages, soft drinks etc. Labelling of the drink and the water the mixed in the drink are also included in this standard. The composition of the drinks has to be mentioned on the bottle. The date of manufacture and termination should be written on the bottle. Nutritional value of the product has to be mentioned on its packet or bottle. Coco Cola has to pay a certain amount of tax to the government of different countries do doing the business. Apart from maintaining these general laws of soft drink industry Coco Cola Company has laws of their own to. Those laws perpetually are related to company policies, shareholder, board of directors, officers, recruitment etc. Date, time & place of the annual coming upon of the shareholders shall be designated by the wit of Directors from time to time. Regular meeting of board of director are to be held. The number of board of director should not be less than 10 and more than 20. Every category in the annual meeting of the company the shareholders elects the board of director. The Officers are selected by the Board of Directors. The Company contribute have Chief Financial Officer for supervising the financial affairs. He is elected by the Board of Directors. These are some major legal issues involved in Coco Cola.A legislative issue happ en with coco cola in US. There Coco

International Trade & Finance Speech or Presentation

global interchange & Finance - Speech or Presentation ExampleImports and Exports balancing Maintaining unembellished balance of payments is critically entailmentant for the economic growth of a country. Exports bring more exotic currencies to a country which in while can be used for making payments for importing necessary goods or avails. Excess exportations to imports resolving power in favorable balance of payments whereas excess of imports over total exports of a country during a stipulated stop of time result in unfavorable or deficit balance of payments. When there ar surplus imports to US, for instance, since it largely depends on foreign oil products, the balance of payment can be said to be deficit. Until 2011, Americas dependence on foreign oil products such as crude oil, inbred gas, fuel oil etc has always been driving trade deficit. In 2011, US imported $ 332 billion of fossil oil related items and this was greater than what it exported (Amadeo, 2012). When ther e are surplus imports of a particular product or service in to a country, traders involved in selling of the same depart have to face import barriers if they are already in effect. Tariffs and quotas are thus examples of trade barriers and they cause traders increase their expenses of tax and other(a) charges. International trade and GDP Foreign trade in goods or services is primarily a channel for economic integration and this seems to be a critically important tool for diminutive countries since small countries are more integrated in relation to their gross domestic product. Small countries, in tell to large countries like USA, Canada, India, China, specialize in a limited numbers of sectors and thus they need to export and import more goods and services to satisfy the domestic demands (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2010, p. 58). Within the domestic market, increase in exports mean that GDP is high and since exports bring foreign currency to the domes tic market, more and more traders will be able to meet their payments for importing highly demanded products or services from other countries. Similarly, when there are surplus imports to the domestic market, it may adversely affect home products and balance of trade figures as well. For university students, world(prenominal) trade is benefitting in a way that they gain wider access to large numbers of universities abroad, scholarships, information, libraries and so on. Trade restrictions and international relation Trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas are found to have impacted adversely on the economic as well as political relation between countries. Tariffs are taxes obligate by a government on imports of certain products from certain or all other foreign countries. Quotas are physical limiting for importing gods from certain or all foreign countries. By exalted these dickens restrictions, for instance, the country attempts to minimize bringing of certain goods or service s from certain countries and this in turn affect the exports of those countries. This is how tariffs and quotas impact the economic as well as political relationship between two countries. Foreign Exchange rates In international trade, countries need to interchange goods and services for currencies that are satisfying between buyer and seller. Different countries do accept different currencies and therefore buyer needs to exchange their currencies with sellers currencies to make payment convenient between them. Foreign exchange rate is the harm of one currency in

Sales Proposal NESTLE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sales Proposal NESTLE - Essay ExampleNesextravaganza is the name of the unwarmed deep brown that go away be offered by Nestle at all of the parlors outlets so that everyone around the country green goddess try it out. It has a huge range of direct and indirect competitors as it is competing with many brands in individually of its product category. As the competition is at its peak, Nestle has to work upon differentiation strategies to deal with their customers and also pick up that they maintain their customer base in the market. Associating the brand name with an spyglass cream parlor is a unique and creative idea as well because many organizations are not observed to resume such a step. However, for the cold coffee, it is in direct competition with Starbucks, Gelato Affairs, Movenpick and all another(prenominal) coffee shops ice cream parlors that are offering cold coffees. In the initial phase, the union has decided to introduce iii unique flavors in cold coffee one wil l be simple but arduous cold coffee, second option will be caramel flavored cold coffee and third will be the chocolate flavored cold coffee.Since Ben & Jerrys has seen a robust growth in the demand of cold coffee at its coffee parlors, it has to include this product in its menu list so that it nates enter into the coffee market like Gelato Affairs has done. All organizations need to move ahead in the competition with the business requirements, ignoring any competitive move would prove to be consequential for the firm. At it already has a huge range of flavors in the ice cream category, it has the latent of offering various other options in cold coffee in the long-run which can enhance the experience of its customers to a abundant extent. Nestle has carried out the market survey and it is concluded in the study that the customers are willing to reconcile premium prices for having an excellent cold coffee at the ice cream parlors. The respondents have emphasized in the survey th at they would love to have a chilled glass of cold coffee at Ben & Jerrys which is has been ranked at the top level by the customers. It was even revealed that the target market prefers to visit this parlor at a time a week with their friends as it is their favorite place for hangout. The product Nesextravaganza has a huge market potential and it can achieve its objective of gaining the top market share in the cold coffee vault of heaven in the ice cream parlors. Nestle Nestles history dates back to 1866 when it started its operations in Cham, Switzerland by the name Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. At that time, it was the foremost European company that was producing condensed milk for the customers. In 1905, the company merged with Nestle as a result of fierce competition within the labor and since then it has been dominating the confectionaries and coffee industries (Nestle History, 2013). The leading brands of Nestle are Nestle concentrated Life, Nesquik, Nescafe, Nestle, Haagen-Dazs, Maggi, Milo, Nido, Nestle Milkpak and many more. As of 2012, the company had net profit of $ 10,611 million which is consistent with its 5% one-year growth rate despite the economic recession that is impacting the businesses globally (Nestle Key Figures, 2013). The primary objectives of the company are to be known worldwide as the leading corporation that fosters Nutrition, Wellness and Nutrition, gain trust of all the stakeholders and enhance the financial performance of the entire industry. It is common and well known fact

The Effects of Prison Economy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The personal effects of Prison Economy - Research Paper ExampleSiegel (2009) has intelligibly and simply proffered the basic mechanics of the reality of a motor inn work theme by averring that the prosecution and disproof unite to work out a wrong case in a collaborative and cooperative juncture to arrive at an agreement yielding to both parties (20). The benefits that the courtroom workgroup would generate on all parties involved are deemed to outweigh the costs of departure through the entire judicial proceedings of a trial. If people are to be made more aware of the essential ingredients, approach and pronounced benefits of courtroom workgroup, sentencing decisions and agreed settlement of criminal cases would be facilitated at the most appropriate time frame. The effect of courtroom workgroup on the outcome of criminal cases would be evaluated and assessed in terms of factors that influence the decision. In this regard, the current query aims to proffer issues relative o f courtroom workgroups by expo and exploring its definition, the basic components of the workgroup, the essential ingredients to make it work. One would delve into the roles and functions of the components of the workgroup to determine the impact on sentencing decisions. Finally, the impact of courtroom workgroup would be closely analyzed from different perspectives as seen in diverse points of views. Do criminal referee outcomes arrived at by courtroom workgroups serve the best interests of all parties involved? Definition and Goals Courtroom Workgroups To clearly provide a greater understanding of courtroom workgroups, the exact definition of the terms would be presented. The research conducted by Haynes, Ruback and Cusick (2008) cited the studies made by Eisenstein and his colleagues (Eisenstein et al., 1988 Eisenstein & Jacob, 1977 Nardulli, Eisenstein, & Flemming, 1988), who averred that courtroom workgroups consist of individuals who share a common workplace, who interact in the performance of their jobs, and whose collective purpose is to dispose of case (Haynes, et.al, 2008, 5). Vuolo (2007) expounded on the composition of the courtroom workgroup as prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, and occasionally police (who) work together with the mutual interest of getting the job done as efficiently as possible (10). The author, likewise, emphasized that although there is a degree of cooperation, some level of ease and control in the level of behavior of the participants. As Siegel (2009) indicated, the people who comprise the courtroom work group have established a degree of familiarity despite assumption of disparate roles and considered to have acquired competencies and expertise in their respective functions that their objective is to streamline the system to eliminate unnecessary delays and to circumvent costs related to trials. The claim of Eisenstein and his colleagues, cited by Haynes, et.al (2008) have prompted the focus on the perception of c ourtroom workgroups, in terms of offenders and cases, as significantly affecting the outcome of sentencing. Therefore, to answer the research question as the goal of the current study, a closer examination of the composition, function, and factors that influence courtroom work groups decision would provide the key to the response. The factors that need to be considered in courtroom work groups are the degree and extent of familiarity among the members, as well as the context in which the court is located, and the county legal culture (i.e.,

Interpretive Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interpretive Paper - Assign ment deterrent exampleIn this sentence, the active verbs that have been identified include take, go, and offer. In this sentence, the cause and the effect have similarly been displayed. The cause in this case is taking your son where as the effect is offering the son as a sacrifice. In the third verse, Abraham woke up early in the morning, has his screw saddled, and so took two unseasoned men and his son. The first observation in this sentence is a list. The list is identified when Abraham took two men and Isaac. The sentence shows out some active verbs including rose, took, cut, arose, and went3. The peaceable voice that has been displayed is saddled. In the third verse, Abraham lifts up his look and found out that the gift was a far off. after(prenominal) this Abraham told his young men to remain with the ass as he and the lad went yonder to worship the victor. Abraham took the burnt offering, wood dry land, and had it laid on Isaac his son. He then took a poke and fire in his hands. At this instant, Isaac asked the father where the lamb was as they already had wood and the fire4. Abraham responded to his sons question by ensuring him that the lamb for the sacrifice would be given out by God. They then went ahead together. In this regard, the lamb is a figurative speech. The lamb represents a sacrifice of salvation that the human race need to give it willingly to God. Another observation in these sentences is the use of passive and active verb. Some of the active verbs include stay, go and worship among other verbs. After arriving at the place where God had directed Abraham, he established an substitute, laid the wood, bound his son Isaac, laid him on the alter on the wood5. This statement represents a list of items such as establishing an alter, laying wood, and bounding Isaac. After this, Abraham took a knife and was ready to slay Isaac. Before he slaid his son, an angel from the God called him and asked him not to d o anything to him, as the Lord had already confirmed that Abraham feared the Lord from the fact that he did withhold his sole(prenominal) son. When Abraham looked behind him, there was a ram. He took the ram then offered it as a sacrifice. He then named that place that God would provide. then(prenominal) the Angel of God called Abraham the second time. He said to him that, though, he had sworn because Abraham did that, and did not withhold his only son. He added that he will bless him, multiply his descendants, like heaven stars, and as the seashore sand. He also added that Abraham descendants would possess their enemies gates. Abraham descendants in all the earth nations would bless themselves as Abraham had obeyed God. After this Abraham returned towards his young men and they rose, went together to Beer-Sheba thus Abraham lived in Beer-sheba. The main topic in this chapter is that God ordinarily tests his people. In the chapter, Abraham was tested by God. His name was changed from Abram which meant exalted father towards Abraham that meant a multitudes father6. In this chapter, God asks Abraham to pursue something that was going to tamper with his new name. The words Here I am is an expression from Hebrews that in meant to mean availability. The next words to identify is the land of Moriah that could be interpreted to mean the land of worship. A burnt offering is a term of Hebrews that could be replaced by the term holocaust which implies a sacrifice that is totally burned7. When Abraham work up early in the morning, it means there was no falter in walking up that

Cutting Edge Issues in Service Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cutting Edge Issues in Service - Assignment Example by dint of the higher up activities the company tends to effectively communicate with their consumers in terms of offers and opportunities available (Perrys-a, 2012 Brink and Berndt, 2009, p.36-39). It is found from the above discussion that Perrys depends largely on the internet to aid market its products and services to a larger consumer theme in the United Kingdom market. Internet has emerged as one of the growing mediums for helping in the sales event of automobile products to a larger consumer space in reflecting a rise of around 11 pct in automobile sales during 2010 as against 2009. On the contrary the sales in units through opposite mediums failed to reflect any such rise. With the help of the internet the automobile dealers can effectively communicate the contrastive offerings and other value additions rendered in the automobiles to the consumers in an enhanced fashion. Along with internet the telephone communion wi thal appears to have rendered high amount of effectiveness in the dealership functions related to sales of new and employ cars to the consumers. In total the internet and telephone communication media has helped to increase the sales of automobiles by around 9 percent during the 2009 to 2010 period. Thus the automobile dealers tend to enhance their relationship with the consumers in an effective fashion with the help of internet and telecommunication media (Mintel Group Limited Plunkett, 2006). Again the use of internet as a communication tool used by car dealerships helps in retaining a large pool of customers.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Management - Essay ExampleJob loves can help the managers understand the demands and challenges that might be faced for every job position the awareness of such aspects directs the individual towards effective management. Question 2 The following approaches have been recommended for the proposed employee discipline program Job Rotation Job rotation is an effective employee development approach to make the individual aware of the whole process and business operations that take topographic point in the workplace (Job Rotations). The assignment of the individual at different positions will facilitate the acquisition of experience for different tasks and will make the individual value the relevance of each job position. Temporary advance Another recommendation is to promote the capable employees for a certain period of time to provide them the worth(predicate) experience of being a manager. This also helps the top management to analyze their performance as a manager and their adapte d strategies to handle critical situations. References Basic Skills for Project Managers, McGraw Hills, 2000, Print. Job Rotations, Individual Learning Strategies, n.d. Web. 22 April 2011.

Business - Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business - Assignment - Essay ExampleIn Hatten (2012) Knowledge Management System (KMS) can assist the managers to collect, organize, record, retrieve, and disseminate information. The Knowledge Management System manages accounts records, the unions or strain practices, documents, operational skills and the unrecorded procedures. The management system can be utilise in acquisition and the creation of knowledge, executed from the internal management processes as well as from the impertinent environment. The collected information can then be integrated in the companys policies and procedures so as to facilitate the dispersion of information to the various stakeholders.Supply Chain Management abbreviated as (CRM) is a management system which can help the managers to govern business interactions with its existing customers and the organizational operations namely service, marketing and sales (Hatten, 2012).Another management system application that can be utilize by the managers is the Supply Chain Management (SCM). Based on Hatten (2012) the system facilitates effective management of a supply chain through with(predicate) the integration of its components. The core players or components of the supply chain include the lowest customers, the manufacturers, retailers and the wholesalers. The system provides a cost effective means of managing the supply chain.According Hatten (2012) Interpersonal skills refer to the life-skills managers go for in the communication and interaction with their employees. Managers use decision making in the planning and execution of diagnose business functions to achieve business objectives. Successful managers usually employ decision-structuring so as to minimize business complications and deadline failures.Successful managers usually use negotiation in settling of the organizational challenges. Negotiation prevents work disputes and stoppages reached through the formation of an agreement. Successful managers strive to strike th e best option in settling a discrimination (Hatten,

Orenthal James Simpson Essay Example for Free

Orenthal James Simpson EssayThe healthful publicized trial of O. J. Simpson for the recapitulate homicide of his ex-wife and her friend foc implementd national attention on the decision-making process of jurors. Because the defendant in the case, which was buildd in general on circumstantial evidence, was a black celebrity and the victims were white, some(prenominal) media commentary thinked on the bias of racial factors. The exculpation strategy for O. J. Simpson increased concern near race central to the defense was a theory that Simpson was framed in a conclave by the Los Angeles Police De separatement due to racial parti pris against the defendant. As the nation watched the proceedings of the trial, questions arose as to whether the control board would be regul matured by racial factors when stint a verdict. The political means for reaching that end differ. On the ramp argon those who align themselves with conservatives and view that the multiracial needs to f ocus on removing the plan of race either through the introduction of multiracial category or by advocating for color-blind agendas on the other side are those who align themselves with liberals and cogitate that multiracial people should be protected group.It is perfect, as the prosecutors in this case tell us, plainly pair with the testimony of a watcher twain oddballs of evidence are bolstered. In this case as healthful the best scientific evidence, including DNA identification, flowerpot be nullified by the specter of tainted samples or sloppy handling procedures.This is almost certainly in large part a result of the preponderance in our society of institutionalized racial discrimination, in which discrimination on the grounds of racial differences is so deeply enshrined into the systems within which we live that even those who are fair-minded and just somehow become separated from their take in personal beliefs and instead get drawn into processes. The struggle ever ywhere whose bank note of events would be believed by the board formed the basis of the trial. Since O. J. s trial arose as an accusation of murder, his defense could either a defensive structure of guilt altogether or an excuse or a justification.Low profile evil cases become an echo or ripple effect set off by those criminal trials that are equal extensively in the media. While it has been generally recognized that in high profile trials, publicity both before and during the trial, has direct and indirect effects on the actions of attorneys, witnesses, judges, jurors, and the viewing audiences, it is also true that high-profile criminal trials whitethorn read an even greater partake on the formal and informal operations of the ein truthday expends of jurisprudence enforcement and adjudication, mending the outcomes of tens of thousands of low-profile criminal cases.But the defense chose the first option. While presenting few details of O. J. s actions on the evening in question, the defense focused on every procedural miscue by LAPD investigators to piss their counter-story that a racist police department framed the defendant. The prosecution sought to prove O. J. guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, but spent an pyrotechnic amount of time countering the combined racist cops/ sticky lab technicians defense.Since O. J. never testified the DA did non ease up to directly counter any excused or justifications O.J. might have offered for any of the acts said to be related to the iniquity. While prior research supports the influence of juror-defendant racial similarity on verdicts, there appear to be no experiential studies examining this variable with nonage defendants of high socioeconomics status. Traditionally most of the publicity associated with trials is not viewed as pretrial publicity. Pretrial publicity unremarkably refers to the publicity that surrounds high profile criminal defendants and their ability to get a fair trial.It is also true , notwithstanding, that low-profile or non-publicized criminal defendants, who are involved more comm lonesome(prenominal) in plea-bargaining and less typically in jury trials, are indirectly affected by high-profile or media-covered criminal trials. Claims of racial discrimination have echoed in our court get ons for decades however, black defendants have not typically received the publicity that O. J. Simpson did. But O. J. Simpson was not a typical black defendant not hardly was he a popular celebrity, he was also very wealthy.The question then became whether Simpson would be treated the same way other black defendants are treated. In June of 1994, Nicole cook ex-wife of and Ronald Goldman a waiter who has her friend. A veteran Los Angeles homicide policeman, one of the first officers to arrive at Nicole Brown Simpsons townhouse at 875 South Bundy Avenue they called it the bloodiest abhorrence scene they ever seen. (Walton, 2006)The bodies of the two victims were found brie fly before midnight lying in pools of blood on the Spanish-style walkway leading to the $700,000 townhouse.The thirty-five-year-old ex-wifes throat was thinned through to the spinal cord, leaving a five-and-a-half-inch gash from the left side of her neck to the right ear. The issues on determination of sentence would be mostly likely to conduct disagreements adjacent to the assailable sentence have been many and wide-ranging. Besides the criticism of ineffectiveness, they have deal with two parts of ostensible vital flaws. Sentencing creative thinker has been extensively burdened as subjective, impulsive and leading to unprovoked discrepancy.The apprehensively felt by the wrongdoer has been thought process to be unreasonable on the other hand the effective disagreement that such vagueness is harmful to reconstructive intends also has been made. These allegations, joint with to countless, and current commandment in an amount of states as wellhead as the national authority ha s stimulated in stress of larger determinacy. Current studies advocate that, under legislatively set determinate sentencing, revisions are almost unremitting, typically in an increasing trend, with little consideration to the uphold of revisions or corrections or even the abhorrence rate.This is very good corroborative evidence, the scientific compendium of fingerprints, DNA, ballistic or documents can have a real impact on a jury. This type of evidence is objective and persuasive as opposed to the subjective and often unpersuasive testimony of the informant. military officer looks for opportunities to bring this type of dispassionate and objective evidence into the courtroom in support of building the witness foundation of procedural and methodological soundness. The defense technique was applied to perfection in the O. J. Simpson case.Defense counsellor Johnny Cochran masterfully attacked the investigators and their process. Regardless of what you think of Cochran or his cli ent, the defense team brilliantly destroyed the prosecution case. So billetful was their offensive that 12 jurors were eventually convinced not only did the glove not fit but that the entire investigative process was criminally defective, and they shamelessly acquitted the defendant. It is best to blow out such concerns preemptively and forestall any attempts by the opposition to discredit the evidence.A rigorous, complete chain of appreciation paper trail and careful, no-nonsense procedures in sampling, transporting, storing and analyzing the evidence will be a valuable indemnity policy in favor of success at trial. But these issues did emerge in the opening and closing arguments and when interruption of evidence was discussed on the witness stand by experts or eyewitnesses. Ultimately each alleged(a) aspect of the killing, including the events said to lead up to it, were subject to account offering and account refuting.As can be observed elsewhere in our legal system, concern ed defendants and wrongdoers attack the investigators and the investigative process when the facts are not in their favor. If the accused is able to attack hard enough and long enough, somebody whitethorn eventually believe them. The responses on the subject to the same kind of analysis as offerings of excuses or justifications for O. J. for the cops, for the medical examiners office, for the defense attorneys for the prosecution, for the judge, for the jury.Individuals defended or attacked O.J. s credibility, debated whether LAPD detectives were smart enough to carry out a conspiracy to frame O. J. , whether the judge was biased, whether the defense played the race card whether Nicole was partially responsible for her demise. (Gallup Newport, 2006) Notions of equality racism and anti-racism tend to appear in constructionist work, not as objects for scrutiny or as explicitly strategical essences, but as taken-for-granted foundations, providing common-sense moral and political c oherence and direction.The spectacle of O. J. Simpson legal procedure showed how a literature practice ended up convoluting evaluator. In fact literate law is not meant to serve justice. Its purpose is to use the law to acquit a client. A micro-level phenomenon such as prejudice is a historical concept but it can be incorporated into a historic framework. In such a framework, prejudice and racist ideology can be explained in terms of the structure of inequality in the base of society, which gives rise to both of them.Wrapping up the trial proceedings provides another opportunity to review the case, the defense team argued for jury nullification and send message about racism. Which lead to dialogue about how heathen experiences shape the way people view life. Though in Simpson case, the outcome gives a lot of views and kind behavior vary so much across situation with any gratis that is provided by the government, that is why proper assessment in such referral moldiness undertake t o provide the students and their parents the explanation of the evaluation for them to run into the process of acquiring the service.Law enforcement investigative methods are perhaps more conclusionly scrutinized now than in decades past. The significant of case investigators, as they build the work performed during a different period and perhaps a different level of expectation and subsequently develop it to meet its standards. Evidence identification and collection practices have a directly effect in their ability to conduct and resolve any case investigations. The impact of the crime can be ruthless and atrocious. The victims of rape endure weeks of physical pain and years of psychological agony.Businesses suffer massive dollar losses and some go bankrupt due to employee theft and shoplifting Victims of break-ins spend sleepless nights wondering if the same burglar might return again. Citizens everywhere hear stories about crimes that happen to their friends, relatives, and nei ghbors television and newspapers daily thrust the pain of crimes victims into our lives. The impacts of crime are real, but surprisingly some cost are difficult to measurement and where measurable, often are not well documented.The result is a public picture of crimes costs that is as much myth and exaggeration as fact and truth. Yet it is from the societys point of view, no matter how hi-fi or inaccurate, that much of public policy and governmental effort to combat crime is based. This social impact is more or less vulnerable since their position in the society. People who have least power socially suffer most from crime. Most relevant here are the social relationship of age, class, sexual practice and race.When analyzed in focusing on the combination of these fundamental social relationships, allows us to note the extraordinary differences between social groups as to both the impact of crime and the focus of policing. Crime scenario has no room for differing sensibilities to t he impoliteness which they describe or the differing power of different communities to deal with such things and resists the downward slide. Arguments are to take into account the social impact of crime it is on the poorest and least resourced neighborhoods that they should focus their attention.Economic impact of crime in the society is also annoying, the cost of crime are simply part of the overhead of running a modern society. A certain amount of costs is unavoidable since the society spends just enough so that, in a social optimum, the marginal money spent for crime control equals the marginal taxation from reduced crime. Calculating the burden of crime could be an ideal state in which there is no occurrence of criminal behavior defined by existing law.Economic costs of crime arise when crime causes society to divert time, energy and resources from more productive resources. Cost of crime does not only include property losses, medical costs and pay losses due to injury. They al so include costs of public and private efforts made to prevent and reduce future crime rates as well as costs of the criminal justice system. The consistent ideal characteristic of criminal law may it be politically, specificity, uniformity and penal sanction.They may be viewed as translations of these characteristics into statements of the ideal characteristics of major crimes. And in thorough study in crimes here are the characteristics of major crimes.1. The behavior essential have certain outside consequences. Since a crime must have a harmful impact on the social interests a mental or emotional state is not enough. The intention is not taken for the deed. 2. The harm must be criminalize. Any engaging immoral behavior is not crime unless the behavior has been specifically outlawed in advanced, criminal law does not have retroactive effect. . There must be conduct, must have an intentional or reckless act or omission which produces the harmful consequences. 4. Has a criminal intent, the motive for a crime may good but the intention might be to affect an outlawed harm, a criminal intent. 5. Fusion intent and the conduct do not fuse or concur. 6. Has a casual relation between the voluntary misconduct and the outlawed harm. Like what mentioned above crime has a major impact on the society especially in present highlighted form.The large-scale of crime of our days evokes fear and terror in the society it has a terrible effect on the clime of opinion, results in the diminishing of the authority of the state, and the increase of taking justice into our own hands. The establishment of the perpetrators responsibility is easy dwindling. It becomes more and more obvious that besides state criminal investigation, the crime prevention activity of the local anesthetic and other communities is an essential factor. Prevention of crimes through environmental design, social control, encloses/ access control criminal justice and defensible space.These are all based on the premise that multiple housing has inevitable side effects which are sometimes undesirable and that it is possible to develop guidelines to avoid these since crimes amongst strangers are in part a simple by product of the numbers of unacquainted people who come in close physical contact. The impacts of crime are real, but surprisingly some costs are difficult to measure and where measurable. It can be harsh and brutal, public picture of crimes costs that is as much myth and exaggeration as fact and truth.It is from the citizens point of view, no matter how accurate or inaccurate, that much of public policy and governmental effort to combat crime is based. Possible ascertain whether a crime has been prevented as a result of a crime prevention program. The majority of evaluations of crime efforts focus on interventions to address pre-existing crime problems and the impact of an intervention over a time period. get through is an act of killing innocent person intentionally. Assau lt is an act of forceful throbbing directly or indirectly to other human beings. Kidnapping forceful abduction with an intention to ask for ransom.Basic Theory that makes it solve that the specific theoretical law which develop in the course of its unfolding and the subsequent applications of these laws to describing and explaining concrete empirical situations can be regarded as the generation by the basic theory of special theories. The behavioral poseur incorporates elements of organization learning, conflict resolution, shot run reaction to change in the society. Despite what appears to be only a recent concern for repaying the crime for the loss, the practice is historically quite ancient.Regulating the criminal process, fastener occurred taken by the victim against the offender. The state took control of crime justice such revenge became in itself a criminal act. Increasing the dominance over human activities, it is also enhanced its control over criminal justice. Contribut ion of famous law makers makes sure that the basis of the legal system of various nations from the popish regime to the present. The issues on determination of sentence would be mostly likely to conduct disagreements adjacent to the undetermined sentence have been many and wide-ranging.Besides the criticism of ineffectiveness, they have deal with two parts of apparent vital flaws. Sentencing judgment has been extensively burdened as subjective, impulsive and leading to unprovoked discrepancy. Sentencing judgment has been extensively burdened as subjective, impulsive and leading to unprovoked discrepancy. The apprehensively felt by the offender has been thought to be unreasonable on the other hand the effective disagreement that such vagueness is counterproductive to rehabilitative intends also has been made.The apprehensively felt by the offender has been thought to be unreasonable on the other hand the effective disagreement that such vagueness is counterproductive to rehabilitati ve intends also has been made. These allegations, joint with to countless, and current legislation in an amount of states as well as the national authority has stimulated in direction of larger determinacy. Current studies advocate that, under legislatively set determinate sentencing, revisions are almost unremitting, typically in an increasing trend, with little consideration to the impact of revisions or corrections or even the crime rate.

Harlem Shake Essay Example for Free

Harlem Shake EssayI am going to account what I saw when I pathfinde sanguine the Peanuts Harlem Shake television system. The Harlem shake is a dance where one person dances all for fifteen seconds, so a roomfull of slew joins in doing crazy gyrating manically dance movements. Sometimes in costumes with haphazard objects sometimes not. The reason I choose this one is because it reminds me of when I was a child and used to watch the Peanuts. On the stage of an auditorium with purple drapes and a pink wooden floor sets a grand cushy. school term at this piano is Schreoder, a male child that has yellow h subscriber line.He is wearing a purple and drear stroked shirt and black pants. Behind the piano is Snoopy, a white beagle with black ears. Across the piano from Schreoder is Lucy, a girl. She has black hair and a purple dress. She is laying on the floor with her arm resting on the piano relaxing. Schreoder begins to play the piano and the same time as bass drop music as if he was playing it. Lucy is relaxing at the opposite end of piano. Snoopy starts junping up and down , caterpillar track in place while his arms are spread open. At first they are oblivious to his dancing.Then they notice looking at him oddling. A few seconds later Snoopy stops trite and panting hard. The a voice over a speakers saysDo The Harlem Shake. Then a whole stage of people are dancing manically. Now Snoopy is on the front of the stage. He now has a red guitar and is playing it like a rock star, then stands it up on its end and is dancing near it. Schreoder continues to play piano. On the stage behind piano is Pigpen, a boy that never baths and has dirty clothes. He is strumming on a cello. You can tell he is dirty from the dirt and dust swirling in the air around him.There are twin girls in purple dresses dancing happily bouncing on one foot to the next gesticulate their hands in the air in the middle of the stage. Charlie brownness, a bald boy wearing a yellow shi rt with a zigzag black stripe is standing in the corner not knowing what to think about all the craziness. He is safekeeping a megaphone but never uses it as if hes thinking What am I going to do? and precisely watches confused. Then bass drop music continues, you hear what sounds like a lion roar. The dancing continues. besides in the front of stand next to Snoopy is a spikey haired boy with a orange shirt.He is bouncing on his toes while shrugging his shoulders moving his head from one side to another. Freda, a natural curled brunette is in the back of the stage. She jumping up and down, arms out in front of her waving them back and forth happily. Next to her is a boy with brown hair and a parkland shirt. He is walking like a zombie with his arms straight out in front of him, then he switches and does the running man dance. In the middle of stange thes a girl in a green dress with black hair. She is doing a dancing like shes puncing someone while jumping.To the right of her i s Linus, a boy who alway carries a banket. He is dancing with blanket in his hands, arms to his side moving them up and down. Sally, a blonde hair girl, wearing a blue dress is doing a dance that resembles the drying yourself with a towel. With Charlie Brown still confused, the music ends and so does the dancing. I do believed that the Peanuts did do the first harlem shake, but without the bass music. The video I watched the dance from was from Charlie Brown Christmas,which was produced in 1965. The harlem shake with the bass music started in 2012, 47 old age later.

Faction of a society Essay Example for Free

Faction of a society experimentA particular faction of a society endures a great deal of pressure of the works population that is, those who argon making a living for themselves and their families. Indeed, wellness in the workplace has become a critical have-to doe with for organizations. Paid employment is a major(ip) determinant of good physical and psychogenic health for men and women. In the United States and other societies where people ar socialized into a secure work ethic, satisfying work enhances health, life satisfaction, and well-being. The impact of work is seen in Sigmund Freuds answer to the incertitude of what normal people should do well. For Freud, it is to love and to work. In other words, good psychological functioning emphasizes both(prenominal) ones work and ones family. The ideal is to create an environment where work and family are not opposed to one another, this is the same premise Nick Whittens article Workplace sincerely Family-friendly encapsu lates (Whitten, 2006).Whitten tackles how mothers in Forest Hall Day Nursery are allowed to bring their children with them to work. Indeed, rather than giving them. Indeed, more social scientists are no longer asking whether it is good or bad that mothers work. Instead, they are determination that a more important issue is whether the mother, regardless of employment, is satisfied in their situation (Burns and Scott, 1994). Certainly, serious concern is frequently voiced about the future of the nations children as more and more mothers show the work force.With the entry of women into the labor force, arrangements for child share are shifting from care in the home to care outside the home. As such, employers shall indeed consider rethinking flexible working schedule as a major scheduling change in todays clocks. Society has to begin to consent that mothers, like fathers, are capable of taking over the task of being the breadwinner as well as being a parent. Many people may fear th at the working mother represents a loss to children in legal injury of supervision, love, and cognitive enrichment.But like what Forest Hall Day Nursery practices, why not split up this arrangement for childcare that is shifting from care in the home to care outside the home a try? References Burns, Ailsa. and Cath Scott. (1994). Mother-Headed Families and Why They Have Increased. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Whitten, Nick. Workplace Truly Family-friendly. Available online http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_6783/is_2006_August_10/ai_n28366056/? tag=contentcol1. Accessed 5 May 2009.

Identifying Salmonella Choleraesuis Essay Example for Free

Identifying Salmonella Choleraesuis EssayThe routine of this study was to determine what an unsung bacterium was apply several different microbiology lab techniques including an API campaign, an oxidase test, a g stain, a hanging omit slide, and morphology realization. The unknown bacteria, which was contaminated with Serratia marcescens, was isolated by streaking the bacteria solution to single colonies. The isolated unknown white bacteria, had the appearance of circular form, convex elevation, entire margin, drawn-out cocci. The tests than showed that the bacteria was gram- invalidating, non-motile, and was determine as a Salmonella species bacteria, Salmonella choleraesuis. IntroductionWhen applying biology to real world cases, it takes numerous tests to be able to describe exactly what a type of bacteria an unidentify bacterium is, whether it is a bacterium that is causing a person to be ill or a bacterium that is being analyze in a laboratory. Often times a bacte ria is taken from a contaminated model that may contain more than one type of bacteria and therefore the specific bacteria that is to be identified has to be isolated. This can often be make by streaking the sample to single colonies. The individualistic colonies can and so be put through several different tests that allow one to identify distinctive aspects of the bacteria. Some examples of these tests are a gram-stain and an API test. These tests allow one to figure out what properties a bacteria strain contains, such as gram blackball or gram positive with the gram patch test, or what bacteria an unknown is based on positives and negative of the API test.The results of API tests, will show extremely accurately what a bacteria is based on previous tests performed. One such bacteria than can be identified is Salmonella choleraesuis. There have been some studies done where the particular strain of Salmonella needed to be identified so that a vaccine could be found. In one s uch study, the strain of Salmonella Choleraesuis had to be identified in order to then expend live Salmonella choleraesuis to passinguce the seroprevalence and the number of Salmonella carrier pigs at execute (Schwarz et al, 2011). By being able to identify the specific strain of the species Salmonella, scientists were about to prevent Salmonella from being passed on through pigs because of the Salmonella choleraesuis vaccine. Identification of a specific bacteria can help scientists make so many improvements in getting rid of deadly bacteria.Materials and MethodsThis lab was performed over several different days in order to utilize several different techniques in identifying the unknown bacteria. A tube that contained a red species S. marcescens and a white unknown bacteria was streaked to single colonies onto an agar plate using an vaccinating loop. The plate was placed in the 37 incubator for 24 hours. Once incubation had occurred the single colonies were utilize for the dif ferent microbiology lab techniques. The first of these techniques use was to determine what the morphology of the unknown bacteria was. The second of these tests was a gram stain. This test was done in order to determine if the unknown bacteria was gram negative or gram positive. The third technique used was a hanging drop slide, which was prepared using another single colony and a light microscope at 100x resolution, in order to observe the bacterias motility.The fourth test used was an oxidase test, which was excessively performed using another single colony of the unknown bacteria. This was done by placing the bacterial colony on filter newsprint and adding drops of oxidase reagent. The filter paper was then observed to see if it changed blue or not, in order to see if the bacteria produced cytochrome c oxidase. The last(a) test used in the experiment was an API test. To begin the API test, a solution with bacteria and 5 mL of sterile saline, had to be make with a turbidity t he same as the McFarland zero(prenominal) 3 (BaSO4) standard. This was done by adding loopfuls of bacteria to the saline solution, mixing the solution on the vortex, and then comparing the turbidity to the McFarland No. 3 standard, until the tubes were both at the same cloudiness.This created solution was then used in the API test by adding specified amounts to each of the microtubes on the API strip. For each of the microtubes whose names were not underlined or boxed, the tubes were filled to where the microtubes met the capsule. In the microtubes whose names were underlined, the microtubes were slightly underfilled, and then the capsule was filled with mineral oil in order to create and anaerobiotic environment. The last of the microbes were the ones whose names were boxed. In each of these the microtube and the capsule were filled all the way up with the bacteria. The API test strip was then placed in the 37C incubator for 20 hours.After this time, observations were made about each of the different microtubes based on a given summary of results chart for the API test. A select number of microtubes had to have a few reagents added such as 10% ferric chloride, Barritts A and B solutions, Kovacs reagent, nitrate test reagent, zinc, and hydrogen peroxide, in order to see how the specific microtubes reacted at that time. Once the API test was performed, the negatives and positives found for each of the microtubes was used to identify the unknown bacteria using an identification table that showed the positives and negatives of many known bacterias.ResultsIn the first part technique used in the lab, the morphology of the unknown bacteria colonies was found to be circular form, convex elevation, and entire margin. The second technique used, gram-staining, produced pick apart bacteria, which had the appearance of elongated cocci. The pink color indicated that the unknown bacteria was gram-negative. In the third technique, the hanging drop slip, there was not tru e motility and instead only Brownian movement. In the fourth technique, the oxidase test, the filter paper did not turn blue. In the final test, the API test, the results (Fig. 1) shows that the unknown bacteria being studied was Salmonella species, or more specifically, Salmonella choleraesuis.(Fig. 1) The API strip results after 20 hours of incubation at 37C DiscussionThrough the use of the API test, the results most accurately showed that the bacteria was Salmonella species. This is what the bacteria was, however, it was a specific kind of Salmonella, S. choleraesuis. In the results of the tests, there were four different microtubes that contained different results than in the identification table. In each of the these cases, the API test showed positive results when the table showed negative results. Just because these didnt match exactly, didnt mean that the experiment didnt work right. Each organism is different and because of this will have different reactions at times. In ea ch of the cases, there was a pocket-sized percentage that the results would be different than the identification table said it would be. With that, the Salmonella species all together was able to be identified better because, in general the different strains of Salmonella each come from the same species. There could also have been slight error when the microtubes were filled up.There may have been times when the tubes were overfilled or underfilled or air bubbles may have gotten into the tubes changing the results. Overall, the results were fairly accurate since the Salmonella species was able to be identified. The other tests used in the experiment were also useful in helping identify that S. choleraesuis was the unknown bacteria. It can be shown through previous tests that S. choleraesuis and Salmonella strains have similar characteristics to those found from the techniques used in this lab. In several cases it is shown that Salmonella strains are gram-negative (Kempf et al, 2012 ). The fact that S. choleraesuis fit the characteristics of previous studies helps show that bacteria was found correctly when preforming the different techniques.ReferencesAgbor, T. A., McCormick, B. A. (2011). Salmonella effectors Imortant players modulating server cell function during infection. Cell Microbiology , 13 (12), 1858-69.Schwarz, P., Kich, J. D., Kolb, J., Cardoso, M. (2011). Use of an avirulentlive Salmonella Choleraesuis vaccine to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella carrier pigs at slaughter. Vet Rec , 21 (169), 553.

Work life balance “Don’t be fired by your family” Essay Example for Free

Work life balance Dont be fired by your family Essay trounce practice has shown that both employees and employers can benefit when cater are able to adapt supple move practices thereby enabling them to better manage their work and family responsibilities (UQ, 2007, p. 1). In the end result this could increase employees productivity. Supervisors have an important social cheerction in developing and principal(prenominal)taining a family-friendly work environment (UQ, 2007, p. 1).A supervisor could help creating this environment by flexibly organizing work arrangements and workloads pickings into consideration certain factors such as night lecturing, summer schools, acting as a role model demonstrating understanding and acceptance of work family balance, and take a positive approach to negotiating flexible arrangements (UQ, 2007, p. 1-2). 3. 2 Teleworking is good for business and employees Teleworking is another practice resulted in improving productivity.According to melody Legal Reports (2006), teleworking has some benefits such as relocation cost savings, increase productivity by reducing employees absentee, reduced costs for office space, and employee satisfaction (p. 7). So, when supervisors consider benefiting from telework, they wont only give an im be work-life balance for the employee, but similarly they will get improved business performance for the employer. 3. 3 Other scoop(p) practices 3. 3. 1 Concern for employee community (Employee Care Program and Employee Relations Program).This practice proved that it could reduce employees turnover. This kind of program monitors how people are doing in their jobs and in their lives, offers rewards, gifts, annual picnic and holiday, flexible scheduling and telecommuting, and medical coverage. 3. 3. 2 Encourage employees to take their vacations This practice is important to enable employees to relax teeming to avoid stress, anxiety, emotional problems, job burnout in order to let employees perfo rm at their optimum level. 3. 3. 3 Consumer-driven health care Textron, Inc is an example compevery that adopted this practice.The company consolidated employee healthcare options and shifted to consumer-driven healthcare. This resulted in increased productivity, a significant decline in healthcare costs, and decrease in the casual absentee rates and the relative incidence of disability leave. (Business Legal Reports, 2007b, p. 3) 2. Conducting Performance appraisals Monitoring staff performance is a key for any supervisor. It should be part of on-going discussions with staff and volunteers about their work and the results obtained. (Mathew, M. , 2007)According to Hays, S. W.(2004), an immense amount of energy has recently been give to upgrading the quality of performance appraisals by tying them to organizational missions and goals. (p. 262) 2. 1 Best practices for evaluation? According to Hays, S. W. (2004), best practices concerning evaluation showed that HR experts agree t hat evaluations ought to (a) be based on objective and observable criteria, (b) involve interchangeable goal setting, (c) avoid the tendency to assess irrelevant worker traits, and (d) be tailored to each single(a) job and worker (rather than using one form for every employee). 4. 2 360-Degree performance management feedback arranging According to Business Legal Reports (2006), this system, which solicits feedback from boss, peers and direct reports if there are any, has been increasingly embraced as the best of all in all available methods for collecting performance feedback. (p. 4) The 360 process allows for multiple points of view to be given on any given individual. It neutralizes what might otherwise be one raters bias (either positive or negative) and helps to winder a more comprehensive picture of that individuals performance. (p. 4) 4.3 Other best practices Hays, S. W. (2004) also mentioned other best practices in conducting performance appraisals such as Employee Pe rformance Management System (EPMS), 360-degree evaluation, Team-based evaluations, and Gainsharing. (p. 262) 5 Resolving Conflict According to Vogel, A. (2007), unproductive workplace conflict arises when appropriate communication breaks down. The result is expend work time a drop in motivation, productivity and quality of service employee attrition exhalation of authority a stressful work environment and even direct damage to the company. 5. 1 The best approach to avoid The best approach to workplace conflict is to avoid unproductive quarreling altogether. And suggested four strategies mentioned by Daniel Dana- for eliminating strife (1) address conflict early, (2) avoid a one-sided solution, (3) take risks such as apologizing, (4) valuate others peace-making gestures. (Vogel, A. , 2007) 5. 2 Guidelines for managing the situation.Vogel, A, (2007) mentioned some guidelines to help managing scuffles before they escalate into real crisis such as mediating conflict between two emp loyees, decide to mediate, hold preliminary meetings, conduct a three-way meeting, work out a deal, self-mediation, step outside your office, listen first, and finally manage diverging viewpoints. 6 Improving Employee Relations 6. 1 Create a newsletter One practice to improve employee relations is to create a newsletter that works for employee communications either a printed one or an electronic one (by e-mail or on the website).6. 2 Build a forum on your website or intranet This forum will leave an informal communication channel for employees to share their ideas, events or even their problems 6. 3 Create shared events being a supervisor you could make some events shared even if you turn the routine group tasks into fun shared events. For example CMP Technology made the spring-cleaning records become an event. Employees worked together in teams and competed to win a dinner for the team and discarded 12 tons of unnecessary paper in the process. (Business Legal Reports, 2007a2) III. Conclusion.The main conclusion is that best practices can -for sure- help supervisors and enhance the way they deal with their responsibilities with employees by adopting approaches, techniques, and policies to create a positive, creative, and supportive work environment. Another conclusion is that information technology has an important role in providing rough-and-ready HR practices. Finally, supervisors should be a model themselves for their employees in order to make a real change.References Bjomberg, L. (2002). raising and development Best practices. Public Personnel Management. Winter 2002.International Public Management Association for Human Resources Survey. Retrieved April 16, 2008 from http//www. entrepreneur. com/tradejournals/ phrase/160542388_1. html Business Legal Reports, Inc. (2006). Top 10 Best Practices in HR Management for 2008. united States of America Business Legal Reports, Inc. Business Legal Reports (2007a1). 10 Tips for HR to Boost Intranet Efficie ncy. Best Practices in HR. (838), pp. 1-2 Business Legal Reports (2007a2). Bin There, Dump That-Spring Cleaning Recors Becomes Event at CMP Technology. Best Practices in HR. (838), pp. 3 Business Legal Reports (2007b).Case study Move to consumer-driven healthcare decreases costs, improves employee health. Best Practices in Compensation Benefits. (734), pp. 3 Collins, R. Druten, K. V. (2003). Survey of Australian and New Zealand Human Resource Practices, CCH and AGSM. Retrieved April 16, 2008 from http//www2. agsm. edu. au/agsm/web. nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/CCHREPORT2003/$FILE/CCH+Final+2003. pdf Hays, S. W. (2004). Trends and Best Practices in State and Local Human Resource Management Lessons to be learned?Review of Public Administration, 24(3), pp. 256-275, wise Publications. Retrieved April 16, 2008 from http//rop.sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/24/3/256 Mathew, M. (2007). Best Practices Module Human resources management. British Columbia Museum Association.Retrieved April 16 , 2008 from http//www. museumsassn. bc. ca/Images/Best%20Practices%20Modules%202/Human%20Resource%20Management%20FINAL. pdf Orsini, B. (2000). Improving Internal Communications. Internal Auditor. December 2000. Retrieved April 16, 2008 from http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m4153/is_6_57/ai_69759744/pg_1 Rubin, L. Merripen, C. (2003). IGDA Business Committee Best practices in Human Resources. IGDA. Retrieved April 16, 2008 from.

Knitted fabrics Essay Example for Free

Knitted materials Essay choice-knitting material is make from continuous lengths of yarn, which is ply across the width of the fabric by a series of needles. Weft knits tummy be unravelled and if a stitch is dropped it will run down the length of the fabric, so weft-knitting fabric cannot be cut like woven fabric. This kind of knitting produces soft, comfortable that has variable stretch, depending on the structure. tidy sum do weft knitting can be make one off designer products, much(prenominal) as jumpers or cushions industrial computer-controlled knitting machines produced around 90 per cent of jersey, rib and jacquard fabrics. Warp-knitting fabrics atomic number 18 made on straight or circular CAD/CAM knitting machines. Each loop of the fabric is fed by its own separate yarn, which is fed into the knitting zone parallel to the fabric selvedge. These loops interlock vertically, along the length of the fabric. Warp knits have some elasticity, do not ladder and cant be u nravelled. Although they can be cut like woven fabrics, warp knits have a limited application for raiment being mainly wontd for swimwear leisure and underwear linings laces ribbons and trimmings they are also used for last curtains furnishing and bed linen.Warp knits are mainly used in industrial end- uses including geotextiles. This is the most used distort construction, which can provide endless design variation though the use of opine, thick, and thin, fancy and coloured yarns plain weave is strong firm, and hardwearing and is used for many types of fabrics and end-uses, i. e. calico, gingham, muslin. calico is plain weave low-cost cotton fabric, made in different weights and widths, suitable for experimental textiles work. A fashion designer will often use calico to make a prototype garment to help in the development of the flat practice session for a new design.Interior designers sometimes used calico foe making low-budget furnishing. Voile is a lightweight plain weave sheer fabric made from cotton, silk, rayon, nylon or worsted. It used for blouses, dresses, childrens wear, and curtains. Ripstop nylon is a towering performance plain weave fabric in witch some of the warp and weft are doubled up at intervals in a warp and weft. twill weave weave products fabric with accident lines witch generally run bottom left to top right on the fabric face. twine twills in different directions produces weave variations, much(prenominal) as herringbone or chevron. Twill weave drapes rise up and is one of the most used weave constructions, making fabrics such as gabardine or denim. Twill is used for a wide range of products such as jackets, suit, trousers and curtains. viyella is a 2/2 twill fabric woven from sheepskin/cotton blend fibres in the warp and weft. Viyella fabrics are 55%wool 45%cotton and can have plain, checked or striped they are used for products such as shirts dresses and childrens wear.

ICT - Making a Database of Used Cars Essay Example for Free

ICT Making a Database of Used Cars EssayFor my coursework, I am going to be making a informationbase of apply cars. The database is to help customers and staff to see what cars ar available and specific discipline about them.Having a database file of the cars will prove beneficial to the staff as it would take less(prenominal) energy, time and m hotshoty to lookup for cars than searching through with(predicate) paper establish files. Paper based files push aside get lost or damaged much easier then electronic files. Electronic files give notice be copied, emailed, exported and backed up making it easier to organize for the business. This would be more than(prenominal) efficient, beca make use of you depose search specifically through the database to look for certain requirements to meet a customers need.In a database, you feces add, edit, save, query and print records. These features ar very(prenominal) simple for staff to carry out and atomic number 18 very ef fective. Using a database allows you to stay off errors through validation rules and input masks. A database croup store a large quantity of records, which is too efficient for the business because they can store loads of info about customers.With employ a database, you can in whatsoever case make reports, visualisations of data (graphs and charts), tables and data incoming forms. This is useful to a growing business that also has a chain of shops/outlets in the country, because data can be emailed well and the information would be displace in reports and visualisations so managers wont pick up to organize meetings and waste money.With a database you can combine contrastive types data easily such as numbers and text. Data manipulation is performed by using queries. This is using a structured query language on an low-cal user interface to help search through records.This is beneficial for customers as well, because they can get a faster and more suitable service. kind o f of waiting around for staff to find what they want, staff will be able to query the database in a matter of minutes.Overall, a database will help the business be more organized, pretend easy access to information and be more productive.QueriesAnother helpful tool that retrieve database has is the query tool. With this tool, you can search for anything in the database easily without spending a lot of time searching through records. This is very useful for a business as it saves a lot of time searching for cars or features that customers may ask for. Here are a range of questions that customers may ask1. Can you show me any muddied Volvos?2. Have you got any cars that are diesel?3. Which four door cars do you direct?4. Which cars do you have that are below 5,000?5. Which cars do you have that have done less than 7,000 miles?6. Can you show me a list of black cars?Which of these cars are setd under 10,000?7. Which Ford cars do you have?Which of these cars is priced 10,000 to 1 5,000?8. Which cars do you have that have air conditioning?Which of these cars is under 10,000?9. Which cars do you have that are over 20,000?Which of these cars are diesels?10. Which blue cars are on that point?Which of these cars have 5 doors?11. Can you show me a list of VW Golfs that have conduct conditioning?12. Which cars do you have that have 5 doors and are petrol?13. Which Nissan cars do you have that have 3 or 5 doors, but are not petrol?14. Which Vauxhall cars do you have that have 5 or 4 doors?15. Which cars do you sell that have 2 doors and are petrol?SourcesFor my coursework, I used a range of sources for my database. These sources are all varied slightly according to the details that were present. These are the 3 varied sources I usedMotor Point www.motorpoint.co.ukThe Car Shop www.carshop.co.ukNK Motor www.nkmotors.co.uk(Sources are shown on the next three pages.)These sources seemed all accurate, and I decided on what field types I used based on the data prese nt from these sources. I didnt use all the data from every one of these sources, as some seemed unnecessary or didnt include enough information.ExampleOne record barely presented the make, litres and price and because it contained so little data, I did not use it.Some data, I did not facsimile down because I already had similar records present already so I was sounding for more of a variety. In a business, a car database will have numerous amounts of similar data for cars, but for my coursework I wanted to show as much variation as possible.ExampleNK MotorsVauxhall Zafira 1.8 society Auto, 5 doors, Grey, 5495The Car ShopVauxhall Zafira 1.8i Club Auto, 5 doors, Grey, 5995These two records seem too similar, so I only used one of them.The method I used to collect the data was by looking at various different sources and deciding on all the data they had in common i.e. make, model, price etc. and copying down various information from each source. I double-checked all the information I copied and also made sure I did not copy down similar or corresponding information. This method of collecting data is based on the output that I will be producing. The outputs are reports based on 5 different queries that customers may have about the cars.Reasons For Choice Of SoftwareFor my coursework I had to compile a database of second hand vehicles using current information from local garages, leaflets and newspapers. The database will be designed so that staff can obtain details of vehicles easily.After I gathered information about 50 vehicles, I decided to test the data with different softwares. These softwares were Access Database and Excel Spreadsheet.Access DatabaseAdvantagesDisadvantages* Reduce errors in data with validation rules.* Data security by having the ability to put intelligence protection on files.* Databases are designed for multiple users, and each user can have different data permissions.* Can perform many tasks efficiently reports, forms, graphs, queri es etc.* Database transcriptions are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design.* Damage to database can affect the business greatly.* Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file-based system to a database system.* Initial training required for all programmers and users.ExcelAdvantagesDisadvantages* Its easy to edit data and the software can instantly recalculate the total for you.* Simple layout.* A database can be apace and easily created using Excel.* New columns or rows of information can be generated easily throughout the data entry process.* A spreadsheet is a useful tool for data management as it helps to manage and sort data i.e. alphabetically.* Updating multiple table links can require a lot of tweaking with a spreadsheet application.* With a spreadsheet, by default any booth can contain any kind of data peddle control what users input.* This software can contain a lot of unknown errors.I decided to get hold of Access Database because it was the best softw are to produce the required outputs. The required output is a report based on information that is processed from the database and you cant produce reports easily in Excel which is one of the freshman reasons I decided to use Access. Its easy to setup and you can manipulate it to make sure there are no mistakes. Multiple users can access database files which is more efficient for a business that has a lot of staff and requires updates of records.You can query a database which is relatively easier then filtering spreadsheets. You can also do more complex queries in Access then in Excel. You can find information quickly and efficiently which reduces time and money in a business. You can control what is inputted in each cell and create validation rules and error messages to assist users i.e. staff.In Excel you cant control what you put in any cell, so if you make a mistake without realising, that mistake will remain unknown which can corrupt the data and cause there to be false records present.I personally prefer to use Access Database because of its easy user interface and setup.The data that the company will be using seems more compatible for this software as well, because some of the fields are Yes/No answers which can easily be inserted using a tick box.Overall, Excel spreadsheet does have its advantages, but compared to Access Database, it isnt as efficient as it could be.

Animal Testing Controversy Essay Example for Free

fleshly Testing debate EssayEach year, millions of carnals suffer and die in the process of inhumane interrogation for the purposes of drug and chemical substance research, and medical experiments and training exercises. Animals including cats, dogs, rabbits, and mice be force fed harmful substances that atomic number 18 infected with lethal viruses causation reactions like brain damage, strokes, and heart attacks. Not only are these experiments painful to the savages and sometimes fatal, but similarly they fail to accurately reflect human reactions and are non required by the FDA. The primary curtilage why animal testing should cease to exist is because it is inhumane to strip a helpless animal of its rights for the benefit of experimentation and research. Animals have a basic moral right to respectful treatment . . .. This implicit in(p) value is non respected when animals are write outd to being mere tools in a scientific experiment. (Lonestar) While animals canno t express themselves as humans can, they can feel, think, behave, and experience pain. Their inability to express themselves should not be taken advantage of.While the FDA encourages manufacturers to conduct whatever testing is necessary to ensure the safety of their products, it does not specifically require the use of animals. (FDA) The FDA actually encourages companies to consider alternatives before deciding that testing on animals is necessary. They encourage that research and testing for products use a maximum amount of useful scientific information and a minimal number of animals tested. When testing does occur, they advocate for the most humane methods available. The Food and Drug Administration supports the Animal Welfare Act and the Public Health Service Policy of Humane Care and Use of testing ground Animals. If companies are not required by the FDA to test their products on animals, there is no reason that it should be a method that is resorted to for experimentation.N ot only is animal testing morally incorrect, but it is also not the most effective method to conduct research on products to be used by humans. In fact, 92 percent of experimental drugs that are safe and effective in animals fail to tell us that they are too dangerous or ineffective on humans. (Do Something) When conducting an experiment for safety and efficacy on animals, the purpose is to try the product on a living system before exposing it to a human. nevertheless the complicated living system of a human being barely compares to that of a helpless smooth animal. For example Aspirin and chocolate are harmful to cats and dogs while they remain pick outly unharmful to humans.There are many alternatives that can be used in place for testing on animals. Alternative tests are those that meet one or more of the standards of the three Rs They replace procedures that uses animals with one that doesnt, reduce the number of animals used in the procedure, or refine a procedure to allevia te or minify potential animal pain. (DoSomething) While not all of the Rs are a complete solution to animal testing, putting any of the three in place would make a solid impact on the lives of many animals.As citizens and consumers, there are ways that we can stand up for the cause of the animals being tested. Many animals are harmed in the process of experimentation for educational purposes. We can petition that our alma maters stop using animals for this purpose. Buying cruelty-free products is something that can be done as a consumer to take by business from companies that test their products on animals. We can make sure that when donating to charities, we choose those that dont experiment on animals. As citizens, we can request from our government legislation that requires alternatives to animal dissection and the immediate implementation of humane, effective non-animal tests. (PETA)Opponents would have you believe that it is okay for animals to be tested on so that humans and sometimes animals would suffer less in the future, however, We should be bear on about how animals are treated in research, and eliminate the number of animals who suffers (ASPCA). Researchers are concerned only with their results and not the harmful process it takes to get them. It is clear that not only is animal testing cruel and necessary, but ineffective. However with alternatives to testing and strategies of protest, its possible for us to begin to diminish animal testing.

Gainesboro Machine Tools Corporation Essay Example for Free

Gainesboro Machine Tools Corporation EssayKendle break withside(a) Inc.We noneed at the competitive landscape and, based on what was happening, k sweet we were either going to sell Kendle, grow or disappear.It was May 1997, and Candace Kendle, the chairman and chief exe hurtive officer of Kendle International Inc. (Kendle), and her husband Christopher C. Bergen, the president and chief direct officer, were reviewing the st eruptrankgic options for their Cincinnati, Ohio based political party. Kendle, a demarcation they had founded everyplace 15 years foregoingly, conducted clinical try fall outs for pharmaceutical and biotech companies to test the safety and cogency of their hot do do drugsss. The comp either had handsome success spaciousy to $13 one one one zillion million million million million of gross revenue and had attracted signifi after partt bank enclosure from major pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Kendle was competing, however, wi th several larger get under ones skin look for organizations ( telescope), legion(predicate) of which had an international presence that allowed them to do clinical studies outside the United States and gave them an advantage when competing for major projects.To compete to a greater extent effectively, Candace and Chris had embarked on a plan to grow through and through acquisition, particularly internationally, and to finance this growth through a overt whirl of equity. Toward this end, by the spring of 1997 Kendle had lined up deuce potential europiuman acquisitionsU-Gene, a telescope in the Netherlands with 1996 sales of $12.5 million, and gmi, a Germanbased CRO with $7 million in sales. To finance these acquisitions, Kendle had worked out possible debt pay with Nationsbank and was works with two investment banks on an Initial Public Offering ( initial public offering) that would bring back the bank debt if self-made and provide the equity base for future acquisitio ns. It was now time to decide whether to go ahead with the full class of two acquisitions, a large debt financing and an equity issue.Kendle HistoryCandace and Chris met in 1979 epoch working(a) at The Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia. Candace had received her doctorate in pharmacy from the University of Cincinnati, and then taught in due north Carolina and Pennsylvania. Her scientific specialty was virology. At the Childrens Hospital, Candace was serving as the director of pharmacy, working as an investigator on a study of an antiviral drug for the pharmaceutical smart tag Burroughs Wellcome. Chris, a Wharton MBA, was a senior administrator at the hospital.Research Associate Indra A. Reinbergs faked this lawsuit under the direction of Professors Dwight B. Crane and Paul W. Marshall as the al-Qaida for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation.Copyright 2000 by the President and Fellows of Harvar d College. To format copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http//www.hbsp.harvard.edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, dropd in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any factorelectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or an occasion(a)(prenominal)wisewithout the permission of Harvard Business School. 1Looking for something new, Candace and Chris began to discuss the idea of going into business together. One day in azoic 1981 Candace received an unexpected visit from a new physician, substitution the usual checkup monitor for her project with Burroughs Wellcome. This physician was a pioneer in thecontract clinical look business. As he described how his business worked, Candace became more and more intrigued. When he left(p) that day, she straightaway cal conduct Chris and said, Ive got a business idea The conc ept was to set up a small research consulting sign of the zodiac that would push on outsourced research and development (RD) work on a contract basis from large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Based on the positive response she received from potential leaf nodes, Candace left her job at the hospital in June 1981 and Chris left his job in December 1981.Kendle International Inc. was compound in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1981, with Candace taking 55% of the shares, and Chris 45%. Candace had strong ties to the Cincinnati area. Her grandfather, a coal miner, had moved in that respect from Appalachia, and the clan had grown to intimately 140 members, including Candaces two sons from a previous marriage. By January 1982, Candace and Chris were working from Candaces parents home.Kendle started as a small company with a few contracts, and business grew slowly through referrals from professional colleagues. Kendle suffered the usual bumps of a start-up business, particularly in t he late 1980s when it suffered a loss for two years and ran up $1 million in bank debt on a $250,000 line of credit. terror-stricken that its bank would call the loan, the company went through a bankruptcy scare. Fortunately, Kendle succeeded in attracting business from a new client, the pharmaceutical company G.D. Searle Co. (Searle). By the early 1990s, the company was turned around and it generated annual sales of about $2.5 million. Candace and Chris were married in 1991.The Pharmaceutical LifecycleThe clinical research process was influenced by government regulations that required drugs to pay through a series of steps before they could be marketed for public use. In the United States, the nutrition and drug Administration (FDA) regulated pharmaceuticals. To receive FDA approval, a drug had to meet safety and efficacy standards for a specific indication (medical diagnosis). A drug for hypertension, for example, would have to degrade blood pressure by a certain statistical ly significant amount withoutproducing unacceptable side effects. The entire FDA approval process could take from 8 to 15 years and involve several thousand patients.1After a pharmaceutical company discovered a new drug and completed pre-clinical testing on zoologys in the testing groundoratory, an Investigational cutting Drug application was fi conduct with the FDA. The drug then passed through three phases of clinical testing on humans. Before line each subsequent phase, the drug company had to submit additional regulatory information to the FDA. leg I physique I studies were primarily concerned with assessing the drugs safety. This initial phase of testing in humans was make in a small figure of healthy volunteers (20 to 100), such as students, who were usually stipendiary for participation.Phase IIOnce Phase I testing had proven the drugs safety, Phase II tested its efficacy in a small number of patients (100 to 300) with the medical diagnosis. It was specifically designed to jog the likely effective dose in patients.Phase common chordIn a Phase trio study, the drug was tested on a larger patient population (1,000 to 3,000) at multiple clinical sites. The purpose was to provide a more thorough understanding of the drugs strong suit, benefits, and the range of possible adverse reactions. around Phase II and Phase triple studies were blinded studies in which some patients received the experimental drug, while control groups received a placebo or an already approved drug. Once a Phase III study was successfully completed, a pharmaceutical company requested FDA approval for marketing the drug by filing a vernal Drug Application, which reasonabled about 100,000 pages.200-033Phase IV Post-marketing testing (of at least 300 patients per trial) was sometimes conducted for high-risk drugs to catch serious side effects (liver toxicity) and monitor them for presbyopic-term effectiveness and live-effectiveness.The pharmaceutical companies traditionally designed and conducted their own clinical trials. They selected the research sites and recruited investigators to conduct the trials of the new drug. Investigators were often medical school professors at teaching hospitals, unless they could as well as be professional investigators who conducted clinical trials at utilize centers or occasionally regular physicians who ran trials, particularly Phase IV trials, out of their private practices. These investigators then recruited patients, sometimes with the help of the pharmaceutical company, to participate in the study.After patients were recruited, there was a considerable amount of info collection by the investigators, observe of the process and information retrieval by the pharmaceutical company, and analysis of the selective information to determine whether the statistical criteria for safety and efficacy were met. Finally, there was the complicated process of compiling the info andpreparing the long report for the FDA.The Contract Research BusinessIn the 1970s, large pharmaceutical concerns in the United States began to look for ways to outsource their clinical testing work as their RD budgets grew. At the beginning, contract research was a small cottage industry and the work was awarded on a piecemeal basis. As Chris recalled, For years, there had been companies conducting animal testing and Phase I, but there was no one managing the entire research and development process. The acronym CRO (contract research organization) did not exist, pharmaceutical companies gave out merely if small contracts, and did not have much self-assertion in for-profit research managers.The growth of the CRO industry was stimulated by pricing pressures on drug companies that led them to try to transfer the fixed cost of clinical research into a variable cost through outsourcing. As Chris described,The general worry that drug companies face is balancing a variable workload with a fixed workforce. The problem is that y ou dont know when the guy in the white lab coat will come running down the hall, beaker in hand, shouting, Eureka, Ive got it, its going to bring back disease X. When he does that, you know your workload is going to spike. Your workload is impacted by the rate of discovery, the number of projects killed in vitro and, subsequent to that, how umteen studies get cancelled due to safety or efficacy problems in human testing. Pure CROs like Kendle derived their income solely from the outsourced portion of the RD budget of pharmaceutical clients. In theory, any part of the clinical testing process could be outsourced. While most pre-clinical discovery was conducted in-house by drug companies, the trend in the 1990s was for CROs to receive contracts to manage the entire clinical research piece, especially 3Phases II and III. The whole process was an incredible race against time, as every day for which FDA approval was slow down could cost the pharmaceutical client over $1 million in los t revenues. Pharmaceutical contracts ranged in duration from a few months to several years. For multi-year contracts involving clinical trials, a portion of the contract fee was paid at the time the trial was initiated, with the balance of the contract fee payable in installments over the trial duration, as performance-based milestones (investigator recruitment, patient enrollment, delivery of databases) were completed.Contracts were bid by CROs on a fixed-price basis, and the research was a effortful business. The contract bids depended on careful estimation of the hourly labor rates and the number of hours each action would take. The estimation process voluminous statistical algorithms, which took into account the length of the study, frequency and length of site visits, the number of sites involved, the number of patients involved, and the number of pages per report form. A premium would be added for more complicated cure testing. As the chief pecuniary officer Tim Mooney de scribed the business,The way that Kendle makes money is like any professional religious service firmWe revolve about on maximizing labor utilization, especially at the operational level. We assume a 65% to 70% utilization rate, so profit margins are higher(prenominal) if we have a higher utilization rate of personnel. We have the aforementioned(prenominal) assumed profit margin on all levels of people, but we can charge higher rates for contracts where we have specific therapeutic expertise that is in demand. Margins can also be higher on some large projects when we can share overhead costs across more sites. The business of contract research entailed several types of business risk. With contracts running at an average of $1 million for companies of Kendles sizing, client dependence was a major risk. Project cancellation by the client and change orders to reduce project costs werealso increasingly frequent in the CRO industry, as healthcare cost pressures intensified. On the oth er hand, product li mightiness for medical risks was borne by the pharmaceutical company. competition in the 1990sBy the mid-1990s, contract research had evolved into a full-service industry, recognized by some(prenominal) the pharmaceutical/biotech industries and the financial community. In 1995, worldwide spending on RD by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies was estimated at $35 billion, with $22 billion dog-tired on the type of drug development work that CROs could do. Of the $22 billion, only if $4.6 billion was outsourced to CROs in 1995. While RD spending by pharmaceutical companies was growing at 10% a year, CROs were growing at twice that rate.2 Specialized CROs could manage increasingly complex drug trialsin the previous decade, the number of procedures per trial and average number of patients per trial had doubledfar more efficiently than their pharmaceutical clients.3Kendle participated in this growth in clinical research. Its net revenues grew 425% from $2.5 mi llion in 1992 to $13 million in 1996. From a loss of $495,000 in 1992, its net income rose to $1.1 million by 1996. By 1996, Kendle had conducted clinical trials for 12 of the worlds 20 largest pharmaceutical companies. Kendles three largest clients were G.D. Searle, Procter Gamble, and Amgen, which generated 48%, 19%, and 13% of Kendles 1996 revenues, respectively. (See Exhibits 1 and 2 for Kendles income statements and balance sheets.)2 J.C. Bradford Co., analyst report, January 15, 1998, pp. 5-6. 3 The Economist, Survey of the Pharmaceutical Industry, February 21, 1998, p. 4.200-033The contract research industry was very fragmented, with hundreds of CROs worldwide. In the 1990s, in response to the increased outsourcing of pharmaceutical RD, and a demand for globose trials, consolidation among the CROs began. A few key players emerged and went public, creating a new industry for Wall Street to watch. numerous CRO start-ups were founded by former drug company executives who dec ided to form their own operations. After a period of internal growth, some of the start-ups began growing through a financial roll-up strategy. An industry publication appointed 18 top players in North America, with total contract research revenues of $1.7 billion. The top five public companies, bedded by 1996 revenues, were Quintiles Transnational Corp. ($537.6 million), Covance Inc. ($494.8 million), Pharmaceutical result Development Inc ($152.3 million), ClinTrials Research Inc. ($93.5 million), and Parexel International Corp. ($88 million).4 (See Exhibit 3 for recent sales and profit data on CROs.)With its talent pool of scientists at the Research triplicity and U.S. headquarters of the pharmaceutical giants Glaxo and Burroughs Wellcome (later merged as Glaxo Wellcome), the state of North Carolina quickly became the center of the burgeoning CRO industry. ii of the big five companies, Quintiles and Pharmaceutical Product Development, were started there by academic colleagues of Candaces. Quintiles Transnational was considered to be the currency standard of the industry. Quintiles was founded in 1982 by Dennis Gillings, a British biostatistician who had worked at Hoechst and was a professor at the University of North Carolina, where Candace completed her postdoctoral work. After raising $39 million in a 1994 IPO, Quintiles went on an acquisition spree, adding other professional service businesses. For example, the firm provided sales and marketing work to support the launch of new drug products. By the end of 1996, Quintiles was the worlds largest CRO, with 7,000 employees in 56 offices in 20 countries. A veritable(prenominal) clinical study managed by Quintiles was conducted at 160 sites in 12 countries, involving 10,000 patients. Quintiles was more diversified than many of its CRO contenders, with about 65% of revenues derived from thecore CRO business and 35% from other services.5 Pharmaceutical Product Development (PPD) was founded in 1989 by Fre d Eshelman, a colleague of Candaces from the postdoctoral program in pharmacy. Like the father of Quintiles, Eshelman had worked in drug research for several pharmaceutical firms, including Glaxo and Beecham. PPDs revenues jumped 500% between 1990 and 1994, based on such work as multi-year contracts for AIDS research for the National Institutes of Health. PPD conducted a successful IPO in March 1996, with its telephone circuit jumping from $18 per share to $25.50 per share on the initiative day of trading. PPD bought a U.K. Phase I easiness in November 1995, and in kinsfolk 1996 merged with another leading CRO. Their have net revenues exceeded $200 million.Kendle at the CrossroadsTo Candace and Chris, it was clear that certain competitive capabilities were necessary for companies of Kendles size to compete successfully with the major CROstherapeutic expertise (in specific medical areas)broad range of services (pharmaceutical companies wanted to work with fewer CROs, with each offering a wide range of services across multiple phases of the RD process)integrated clinical data management (the ability to efficiently collect, edit and analyze data from thousands of patients with various clinical conditions from many geographically dispersed sites)4 Annual Report Leading CROs, RD Directions, September 1997, pp. 28+. 5 William Blair Co. LLC analyst report, Quintiles Transnational Corp., June 20, 1997, p. 3.international, multi-jurisdictional presence (to speed up drug approval, tests were world launched in several countries at once)With the exception of international presence, Candace and Chris mat up comfortable with their ability to meet these criteria. Kendles stave had scientific expertise in multiple therapeutic areas, including cardiovascular, central nervous system, gastrointestinal, immunology, oncology, respiratory, skeletal disease and inflammation. The company also had broad capabilities, including management of studies in Phases II through Phase IV. It did not consider the absence of Phase I capabilities to be an issue, since this activity was quite separate. (See Exhibit 4 for a comparison of CRO geographical locations.)To build an integrated clinical data management capability, Chris had directed the development of TrialWare, a proprietary software system system that allowed global data collection and processing and the integration of clinical data with clients in-house data management systems. TrialWare consisted of several modules including a database management system that greatly reduced study start-up costs and time by standardizing database design and utilizing scanned image technology to facilitate the design of data entry screens, the point-and-click application of edits from a pre-programmed library, and workflow management (parallel processing). Other modules included a system that coded medical history, medication and adverse character data and a touch-tone telephone system that was used for patientrandomiza tion, just-in-time drug supply and collection of real-time enrollment data.Against the backdrop of a changing industry, Candace and Chris felt the need to develop additional business skills and focus Kendles strategy. To clarify their management roles, Candace and Chris switched their existing responsibilities. Chris pointed out, Candace became CEO as we realized that her focus was long-range and I took over as Chief Operating Officer to focus on the misfortunate-range. In addition, the marketing lastingness of our competitors was propelling them further and further ahead of Kendle. Candace brought her science background and entrepreneurial skills, while I brought my management. The problem was that we were relatively weak in sales and marketing. To broaden their skills, Candace went off in 1991 to the Owner/President circumspection Program (OPM), an executive education program run by Harvard Business School for three weeks a year over three years. Chris followed her to OPM in 1 994.After completing the OPM program, Candace assessed the situation, We have to be big enough relative to our competitors to take on large, international projects. When Searle was looking at for CROs for international work, all we could do was possibly engage it out to small shops. In contrast, Quintiles had six overseas offices of its own. Furthermore, when Searle calls and says, I just got off the phone, Quintiles will cut their price by a million dollars, if youre too small, youre not going to be able to respond to that.Candace and Chris realized that Kendle could not grow fast enough internally to keep up with its peers and did not have the bills for acquisitions. They entertained the thought of selling Kendle, and were approached several times about a sale. But by nature, they were a competitive, athletic couple. Chris got up to play squash every morning at 7 AM, and Candace was an avid rower, recently winning a gold medal in a Cincinnati regatta. mayhap not surprisingly, Candace and Chris decided to grow the firm and take it public rather than sell. As Candace described their motivation, We were not driven to be a public company as such, but primarily to be bigger, and for this, we infallible public financing to succeed in the new competitive landscape. The whole target was not to let the big guys get too far out ahead of us.Preparations for GrowthBy 1994, Kendle had grown to $4.4 million in revenues. Candace, the driving force throughout the IPO process, sought advice from an old college friend, a well-known Cincinnati businessman. He advised her, before you go public, practice being a public company. Candace therefore formulated a plan for Kendle to go public in 1999. Kendle began hiring key managers to build up functional units. Between 1994 and February 1997, new directors of clinical data management, information technology, biostatistics, finance, mergers and acquisitions, regulatory affairs, and human resources were hired. As Chris described, the plan was to put this infrastructure in place to look and act like a public company communications, IT, finance. The idea was hire at the top and theyll fill in their organization. Many of these new managers had previously worked together at other companies. To prepare for Wall Street scrutiny, Kendle began issuing internal quarterly financial statements and sharing them with employees in an open-book management style. Candace and Chris move to make the growing number of employees feel like part of the family in other ways, too. The Kendle photo picture gallery displayed professional portraits of employees with their favorite hobbies. In 1995 Chris led the development of a corporate mission statement and a document on strategic plans that was shared with all employees.Kendle was organized in a matrix carriage (see Exhibit 5 for organizational chart). Each department was set as a strategic business unit (SBU) witha director who established standards and carried profit responsi bility. At the same time, each research contract was managed by a project manager who assembled a team from across the various SBUs.clinical trials involved five functional SBUs at Kendle1. Regulatory personal matters recruited investigators, helped them with FDA registration forms, and obtained approval from ethics boards. Regulatory Affairs maintained a database of 5,000 investigators.2. Clinical Monitoring sent clinical research associates (CRA) out to the testing sites (every 4 to 6 weeks) to enforce Good Clinical Practice regulations. The CRAs were usually young, single health care professionals who spent a significant amount of their time on the road. The CRA would collect data from investigators, resolve queries generated by Clinical Data Management, and promote patient enrollment.3. Clinical Data Management produced a locked database that could be submitted to the FDA. Data from case report forms were input into a computer system and cleaned through a manual review of the forms and an automate check of the databases. The challenge was to lock a database quickly while maintaining data quality.4. Biostatistics would unblind the locked database and analyze it to determine if the data confirmed that the test results met the criteria for safety and efficacy. Biostatistics also defined the scope of new studies.5. Medical Writing generated the truckload of piece of music submitted to the FDA for a New Drug Application, including a statistical analysis, a clinical assessment, preclinical and clinical data, a description of the manufacturing process, and the supporting patient documentation.1996 The Celebrex Study, Filing Preparations, and European acquisitions 1996 was a busy year for Candace, Chris, and Kendles new management team. They simultaneously began conducting a major drug study, working with extendrs on IPO preparations, and looking for overseas acquisition targets. In 1996 Kendle managed 62 clinical studies at 4,100 sites involving approximatel y 20,000 patients. Celebrex StudyIn January 1996, Kendle began working on a major drug called Celebrex (celecoxib). Its client Searle was engaged in a neck-and-neck race with Merck, the largest U.S. drug company, to be the first to market a COX-2 inhibitor. A COX-2 inhibitor was a new type of anti-inflammatory drug that promised low incidence of bleeding ulcers in long-term, high-dosage users such as arthritis patients. The Searle-Merck race was closely followed in the business press. Searle awarded the international portion of the Celebrex contract to another CRO, since Kendle only had facilities for testing in the United States. However, Kendle did win the contract to conduct all the U.S. Phase II and III trials. The Celebrex contract was a huge feather in our cap, recalled the chief financial officer. In order to beat Merck, we worked very hard and kept compressing the timelines.To head the Celebrex project, Kendle hired Bill Sietsema, PhD, as assistant director of clinical resea rch. A therapeutic expert in skeletal diseases and inflammation, Sietsema had worked at proctor Gamble for 12 years. While Sietsema served as overall program director, Chris acted as the operational project manager, showdown with his Searle counterpart in Chicago on a monthly basis. In early 1997, Kendle also set up a new regional office in Chicago, close to Searle headquarters. For Kendle, the Celebrex project was a chance to show what we could do and to develop a reputation as a leader in the field of skeletal disease and inflammation. Kendle actively helped investigators recruit arthritis patients, running television advertisements, directing interested volunteers to a call center. Three hundredinvestigators enrolled over 10,000 patients, producing over one million pages of case report forms. approximately importantly, through close integration of information systems with Searle, Kendle was able to beat an industry standard. Instead of taking the typical six months to one year, the time span between the last patient in Phase II and the first in Phase III, which began in June 1996, was only 22 days.Preparation for SEC FilingBy the time the Celebrex program rolled around, Candace and Chris felt that they might have to go public precedent than intended because of the competitive landscape. The new chief financial officer, Tim Mooney, took a leading role in the preparations. introductory to joining Kendle in May 1996, Mooney had worked as CFO at The Future Now, Inc., a computer reseller and Hook-SupeRx, a retail drugstore chain. At Kendle, Mooney replaced the controller with an audit manager from Coopers Lybrand to beef up his staff. Mooney also led the building of many of the other financially related departments at Kendle.To act as the lead underwriters on the IPO, in August 1996 Mooney chose two regional investment banks, Chicago-based William Blair Company, L.L.C., which had handled the 1995 IPO of Kendles competitor Parexel, and Wessels, Arnold Hend erson from Minneapolis. William Blair began set Kendle through the paces of preparing to file a preliminary prospectus with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The process of going public mostly took from 60 to 180 days. One of the key steps in the process was the conversion of Kendle from a subchapter confederacy to a C corporation at the time of the IPO. (Subchapter S corporations were entities with 35 or fewer shareholders that were treated like partnerships for tax purposes. Corporate income tax was passed through tax-free to the owners who then paid personal income taxes due.)U-GeneIn October 1996 Mooney hired Tony Forcellini, a former colleague, as director of mergers and acquisitions (MA). Tony had worked at Arthur Andersen in the tax department, and then as a treasurer at Hook-SupeRx with Mooney. The search for European acquisition targets was mainly conducted by Candace and Tony Forcellini, with back-up support by Tim Mooney and Chris. All the while, Chris and Bill Sietsema were working away on the Celebrex program. Forcellinis first decision was diffusewhether to pursue an offering memorandum that landed on his desk shortly after he arrived. The company for sale was U-Gene Research B.V. (U-Gene), a CRO based in Utrecht, the Netherlands. U-Gene was represented by Technomark Consulting Services Ltd. (Technomark), a London-based consulting firm uniquely specializing in the healthcare industry. Technomark had an extensive database on European CROs and was primarily in the business of matching its pharmaceutical company clients trials with appropriate European CROs, but it also had a small investment banking division.U-Gene, a full-service CRO, was an attractive target for Kendle. The venture capitalist owners were actively looking for buyers. With a 38-bed Phase I facility in Utrecht and regional offices in the United landed estate and Italy, U-Gene could increase both Kendles service offering and geographic presence. Since its found ing in 1986, U-Gene had served more than 100 clients, including 19 of the worlds largest pharmaceutical companies. In 1996, U-Gene participated in one hundred fifteen studies at approximately 500 sites involving approximately 4,700 patients and recorded net revenues of $12.5 million, a 37% increase over the previous year, and operating profit of $1.3 million, a 47% increase over the prior year. Because of its U.K. and Italian offices, U-Gene viewed itself as on the way to becoming a pan-European CRO.(See Exhibit 6 for U-Gene financial statements.) With momentum building, in November 1996, Forcellini seized upon U-Gene as Kendles possible entry into Europe and submitted a bid, offering hard currency and private blood line. Unfortunately, Kendle lost out on this bid to a competitor, Collaborative Clinical Research, Inc, as U-Genes owners either wanted a full cash charter or stock from a public company. Collaborative was a competitor slightly larger than Kendle ($25.7 million in re venues) that had gone public in June 1996 and had established a software partnership with IBM. Although it had access to investigators outside the United States, Collaborative also viewed U-Gene as the establishment of a European presence. On February 12, 1997 Collaborative announced that it had signed a letter of intent to acquire U-Gene in commute for 1.75 million newly issued shares.While this put Kendle out of the picture, the prospects of a deal were not completely killed. On the same day, February 12, 1997, Collaborative also announced that its first-quarter 1997 earnings would be significantly below expectations. On the near day, on analyst speculation that a major client contract had been lost, their stock fell by 27.3%, closing at $9.00.6 This put Collaboratives UGene deal in jeopardy.Underwriter ConcernsAbout two weeks after Collaboratives announcement, on February 25, 1997, another CRO, ClinTrials, also suffered a drop in stock price. ClinTrials stock lost more than hal f its market value,dropping 59%, to $9.50 per share. The fall began when an analyst from Wessels Arnold downgraded the ClinTrials stock to hold from buy, citing a number of key management departures, and continued after ClinTrials announced that its first-quarter earnings would be half its year-earlier profit. The reason for the unexpected earnings decline was the cancellation of five projects totaling $37 million, with the possibility of even lower earnings due to an unresolved project dispute with a client.7 ClinTrials negative performance began to affect other CRO stocks, including that of Quintiles.8With client concentration an issue in ClinTrials stock performance, William Blair developed doubts about the timing of Kendles IPO. Although Kendle was close to filing its preliminary prospectus, on the day after ClinTrials stock dropped, William Blair analysts had a encounter with Kendles management and told them that they had decided to withdraw as lead underwriters in the IPO.Can dace was resolved to keep going. She said, thithers no way out of the concentration issue. We cant buy our way out of it, because we cant do MA deals until we have a public currency, and every day Searle is livery us more work, we wont tell them no. She then asked Mooney to find new investment bankers, and he thought, what am I going to do now? Hoping for a lead, Mooney called up a former security analyst from Wessels Arnold who had gone to work at Lehman Bros. Although Kendle was smaller than Lehmans usual clients, Lehman agreed to underwrite Kendles IPO, with the reassurance that we think we can sell through the client concentration issue. After an agreement with New York-based Lehman was reached, Mooney searched for a regional firm because, as he decided, I didnt want two New York-size egos. J.C. Bradford, based in Nashville, Tennessee, had a good reputation in the industry, and struck us as a nice regional bank. They were more retail-oriented than institutional-oriented, so the y wouldnt directly be competing with Lehman in types of clientele. Bradford had managed the IPO of the first large CRO to go public (ClinTrials, in 1993) and Lehman had led the IPO of PPD in January 1996.Gmi and U-Gene revisitedAt the same time, Forcellini was moving ahead on the acquisition search. In January 1997 he tasked Technomark with using its CRO database to generate a list of possible European acquisition targets that met the following criteria ideally a CRO with United Kingdom headquarters $5 million to $7 million in revenues no Searle business certain types of therapeutic expertise strong in phases II through IV and certain country locations. The initial list had 50 European CROs, which Kendle narrowed down to 14 prospects. Technomark then contacted these 14 prospects to sound out their freeness to sell, manner of speaking the number down to five candidates three CROs in Germany, two in the United Kingdom, and one in the Netherlands (not U-Gene). To assess the prospects , Kendle used information from Technomark on comparable MA deals.Candace and Tony Forcellini then traveled around Europe for a week visiting the five companies. They decided to further pursue two companies a small, 15-person monitoring organization in the United Kingdom and one in Germany. The U.K. prospect was quickly discarded because of an assertive asking price and accounting problems. Kendle then moved on to the German target, a company named gmi. Its full name was GMI Gesellschaft fur Angewandte Mathematik und Informatik mbH. Founded in 1983, gmi provided a full range of Phase II to IV services. gmi had conducted trials in Austria, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and France, among other countries, and had experience in health economic studies and7 ClinTrials Predicts Sharply Lower sugar Shares Plunge 59%, The Wall Street Journal, February 26, 1997, p. B3. 8 David Ranii, Investors avoiding Quintiles, The News Observer, Raleigh, NC, February 27, 1997, p. C8.professional train ing programs. In 1996, gmi participated in 119 studies at multiple sites and recorded net revenues of $7 million, a 32% increase over the prior year, and operating profit of $1.4 million, a 16% increase over the prior year. At March 31, 1997, gmis second-stringer was approximately $9.6 million. gmi considered itself to be especially good at Phase III trials. (See Exhibit 7 for gmi financial statements.)While Candace and Forcellini were narrowing down European targets, Mooney was hunting for cash. In February 1997 Kendle met at a special lunch with its existing bankers, Star stick (later renamed Firstar), in Cincinnati. Mooney recalled the conversation vividly After Candace and Chris described their plans, Star Banks CEO made a proposal, If you keep Kendle a private company and avoid the hassles of being public, well lend you the money you need for acquisitions. With the financing in hand, Candace and Forcellini visited gmi in Munich. While gmis owners were will to talk, they did not have much interest in selling. As Mooney described it, gmi was a classic case of having grown to a certain size, had a comfortable level of income, but werent interested in putting in the professional systems to grow beyond that level. After several conversations in March, it was not clear that Kendle and gmis owners would be able to reach a mutually agreeable price.At this point in early April 1997, the possibility of U-Gene as an acquisition candidate heated up. After the U-Gene deal with Collaborative Research began to collapse, Kendle had initiated a carefully structured inquiry about U-Genes interest in renewed discussions. This inquiry led to further discussions and a request in April for Kendle to meet in Frankfurt to try to reach an agreement. With the gmi deal in doubt, Kendle agreed to try to reach closure with U-Gene. After some discussion, both sides agreed on a price of 30 million Dutch guilders, or about US$15.6 million, $14 million of which would be paid in cash, and the remaining $1.6 million would be in the form of a promissory note payable to the selling shareholders.U-Gene wanted to complete the transaction within the next several weeks, so it would have to be financed at least initially by borrowings. level(p) if Kendle went ahead with an IPO, the equity financing would not be completed until the end of the summer.Discussions with gmi continued through this period since Kendle was confident about its ability to obtain financing from Star Bank. Ultimately, Kendles team was able to agree upon a price with gmi. The owners were willing to accept a price of 19.5 million Deutsche marks, or about US$12.3 million, with at least $9.5 million in cash. They would accept shares for the remaining $2.8 million, if Kendle successfully completed an IPO. The owners were willing to hold off the deal until the IPO issue was resolved.Closing the Deals and IPO DecisionTo complete both the U-Gene and gmi deals, Kendle would need to borrow about $25 million to $28 million, so financing became critical. Mooney went back to Star Bank to take the bankers up on their promise. He described their reaction Star Bank said they couldnt lend $28 million to a company that only has $1 million in equity. Nobody did that. They might be willing to finance one acquisition, with the help of other banks, but there was no way that they would provide $28 million. Mooney was quite angry, but had no choice but to look for other sources of financing. He first move to get bridge financing from Lehman and Bradford, but they refused, saying that they had gotten killed on such deals in the 1980s. There was also a possibility of financing from First Chicago Bank, but this did not materialize.Finally, in late April 1997, Mooney contacted NationsBank, N.A., which was headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina and provided banking services to the CRO industry. Nationsbank expressed interest, but only in a large deal. Even $28 million was a small amount to Nationsba nk. In 11a few short weeks, Nationsbank ended up structuring a $30 million credit for Kendle, consisting of a $20 million, three-year revolving credit line and $10 million in five-year, subordinated notes. The interest rate on the credit line was tied to a money market base rate plus 0.50% ( veritablely totaling 6.2%), and the subordinated debt carried a 12% rate. So NationsBank stepped up in a pretty big way. They could have ended up with Kendle as a private company, with $30 million in debt. Because of the risk, Nationsbank would also take warrants giving the bank the right to purchase 4% of Kendles equity, or up to 10% if the IPO was delayed and Kendle had to borrow the full amount to do both acquisitions.Lehman Brothers was confident about an IPO. The underwriters felt Kendle could raise $39 million to $40 million at a price between $12 and $14 per share, and that Candace and Chris could sell some of their shares as well. Premier Research ecumenic Ltd., a CRO with $15.2 million in 1996 revenues, had raised $46.75 million from its recent IPO in February 1997. Kendle felt they had a much better track record than Premier.Kendle now faced some difficult decisions. It could do the full program, including both acquisitions, taking the $30 million Nationsbank deal, and planning for an IPO in late summer. The successful acquisitions of gmi and U-Gene would establish Kendle as the sixth largest CRO in Europe, based on total revenues, and one of only four large CROs able to offer clients the full range of Phase I through Phase IV clinical trials in Europe. The pricing on the two acquisitions of 8 to 10 times EBITDA seemed in line with recent CRO deals (see Exhibit 8). And, once the IPO was completed, Kendle would have both a cash cushion and stock as a currency to help finance future growth and acquisitions. presume an IPO of 3 million new shares at a price of $13.00, Kendle would have a cash position of about $14 million and no debt in the capital structure. (See Exhibits 9 and 10 for pro formaincome statements and balance sheets showing the impact of the acquisitions and the IPO.) A related issue was how many of their shares Candace and Chris should sell if an IPO were done. Their current thinking was to sell 600,000 shares. Thus, a total of 3.6 million shares would be for sale at the time of the IPO, including a primary offering of 3 million shares and a secondary offering of 600,000 shares. This sale would reduce holdings controlled by Candace and Chris from 3.65 million shares (83.1% of the shares currently outstanding) to 3.05 million shares (43.4% of the new total outstanding).Doing the full IPO and acquisition program, however, was unprecedented among Kendles peers. Nobody does this combination all at oncean IPO, senior- and sub-debt financing, and MA deals, as Mooney described the situation. Furthermore, the stock prices of public CROs had been falling since last February (see Exhibits 11 and 12 for stock market valuation and price information). If Kendle bought into the full program and the market crashed or the IPO was unsuccessful, the company would have almost $30 million of debt on its books with a very modest equity base. Perhaps it would be better to do just the U-Gene acquisition and use Star Bank to finance it. After completing this acquisition, it could then pursue the IPO. This approach was safer, but of carry Kendle might miss the IPO window and miss the opportunity to acquire the second company. Indeed, instead of disapprove Kendle from doing an IPO, the fall in CRO stock prices might be taken as a communicate that Kendle should forge ahead before the window closed completely.