“Ozymandias” by Percy Bysshe Shelley Essay

â€Å"Ozymandias† (pron.: /ËÅ'É’ziˈmà ¦ndiÉ™s/,[2] also pronounced with four syllables in order to fit the poem’s meter) is a sonnet by Percy Bysshe Shelley, published in 1818 in the 11 January issue of The Examiner in London. It is frequently anthologised and is probably Shelley’s most famous short poem. It was written in competition with his friend Horace Smith, who wrote another sonnet entitled â€Å"Ozymandias† seen below. In addition to the power of its themes and imagery, the poem is notable for its virtuosic diction. The rhyme scheme of the sonnet is unusual and creates a sinuous and interwoven effect. Contents 1 Analysis 2 Publication history 3 Smith’s poem 4 Cultural influence 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links [edit]Analysis 1817 draft by Percy Bysshe Shelley, Bodleian Library Percy Bysshe Shelley’s 1817 fair copy, Bodleian Library The central theme of â€Å"Ozymandias† is the inevitable decline of all leaders, and of the empires they build, however mighty in their own time. The ‘Younger Memnon’ statue of Ramesses II in the British Museum thought to have inspired the poem Ozymandias represents a transliteration into Greek of a part of Ramesses’ throne name, User-maat-re Setep-en-re. The sonnet paraphrases the inscription on the base of the statue, given by Diodorus Siculus in his Bibliotheca historica, as â€Å"King of Kings am I, Osymandias. If anyone would know how great I am and where I lie, let him surpass one of my works.†[5][6] Shelley’s poem is often said to have been inspired by the 1821 arrival in London of a colossal statue of Ramesses II, acquired for the British Museum by the Italian adventurer Giovanni Belzoni in 1816. Rodenbeck and Chaney, however,[8] point out that the poem was written and  published before the statue arrived in Britain, and thus that Shelley could not have seen it. Its repute in Western Europe preceded its actual arrival in Britain (Napoleon had previously made an unsuccessful attempt to acquire it for France, for example), and thus it may have been its repute or news of its imminent arrival rather than seeing the statue itself which provided the inspiration. The 2008 edition of the travel guide Lonely Planet’s guide to Egypt says that the poem was inspired by the fallen statue of Ramesses II at the Ramesseum, a memorial temple built by Ramesses at Thebes, near Luxor in Upper Egypt. This statue, however, does not have â€Å"two vast and trunkless legs of stone†, nor does it have a â€Å"shattered visage† with a â€Å"frown / And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command.† Nor does the base of the statue at Thebes have any inscription, although Ramesses’s cartouche is inscribed on the statue itself. Among the earlier senses of the verb â€Å"to mock† is â€Å"to fashion an imitation of reality† (as in â€Å"a mock-up†),[10] but by Shelley’s day the current sense â€Å"to ridicule† (especially by mimicking) had come to the fore. This sonnet is often incorrectly quoted or reproduced.[11] The most common misquotation – â€Å"Look upon my works, ye Mighty, and despair!† – replaces the correct â€Å"on† with â€Å"upon†, thus turning the regular decasyllabic (iambic pentameter) verse into an 11-syllable line. Publication history Both Percy Bysshe Shelley and Horace Smith submitted a sonnet on the subject to The Examiner published by Leigh Hunt in London. Shelley’s was published on January 11, 1818 under the pen name Glirastes, appearing on page 24 under Original Poetry. Smith’s was published, with the initials H.S., on February 1, 1818. Shelley’s poem was later republished under the title â€Å"Sonnet. Ozymandias† in his 1819 collection Rosalind and Helen, A Modern Eclogue; with Other Poems by Charles and James Ollier and in the 1826 Miscellaneous and Posthumous Poems of Percy Bysshe Shelley by William Benbow, both in London. Smith’s poem IN Egypt’s sandy silence, all alone, Stands a gigantic Leg, which far off throws The only shadow that the Desert knows:— â€Å"I am great OZYMANDIAS,† saith the stone, â€Å"The King of Kings; this mighty City shows â€Å"The wonders of my hand.†Ã¢â‚¬â€ The City’s gone,— Nought but the Leg remaining to disclose The site of this forgotten Babylon. We wonder,—and some Hunter may express Wonder like ours, when thro’ the wilderness Where London stood, holding the Wolf in chace, He meets some fragment huge, and stops to guess What powerful but unrecorded race Once dwelt in that annihilated place. – Horace Smith.[13] Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote this poem in competition with his friend Horace Smith, who published his sonnet a month after Shelley’s in the same magazine.[14] It takes the same subject, tells the same story, and makes a similar moral point, but one related more directly to modernity, ending by imagining a hunter of the future looking in wonder on the ruins of an annihilated London. It was originally published under the same title as Shelley’s verse; but in later collections Smith retitled it â€Å"On A Stupendous Leg of Granite, Discovered Standing by Itself in the Deserts of Egypt, with the Inscription Inserted Below†. Cultural influence The poem has made numerous appearances in popular culture, and has significantly influenced the production of new creative works. For example, Terry Carr’s science fiction short story Ozymandias was inspired by the poem, as was the song Ozymandias by Jean-Jacques Burnel. Edward Elgar began setting the poem to music, but never finished it. The best-known setting appears to be that in Russian for baritone by the Ukrainian composer Borys Lyatoshynsky. On television, Monty Python’s Flying Circus featured a humorous parody named â€Å"Ozymandias, King of Ants†, and the Beauty and the Beast episode titled Ozymandias included a reading of the entire poem. Writer Alan Moore named a superhero in the comic book miniseries Watchmen after Ozymandias, and overtly quoted the poem; and the alternative rock group Sisters of Mercy wrote the song Ozymandias which appeared on the B side of the 1987 single Dominion/Mother Russia from the album Floodland.  Short excerpts of the poem, or references to its title, have appeared in a variety of other contexts including the set for the Closing Ceremony of the 2012 Olympic Games on 12 August 2012.

Statistics Chapter 12 Solutions

CHAPTER 12: TESTS FOR TWO OR MORE SAMPLES WITH CATEGORICAL DATA 1. When testing for independence in a contingency table with 3 rows and 4 columns, there are ________ degrees of freedom. a) 5 b) 6 c) 7 d) 12 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, degrees of freedom 2. If we use the [pic] method of analysis to test for the differences among 4 proportions, the degrees of freedom are equal to: a) 3. b) 4. c) 5. d) 1. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, degrees of freedom . If we wish to determine whether there is evidence that the proportion of successes is higher in group 1 than in group 2, the appropriate test to use is a) the Z test. b) the [pic]test. c) both of the above d) none of the above ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions 4. If we wish to determine whether there is evidence that the proportion of successes is the same in group 1 as in group 2, the appropriate test to use is a) the Z test. b) the [pic]test. c) both of the above d) none of the above ANSWER: TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions 5. In testing a hypothesis using the [pic] test, the theoretical frequencies are based on the a) null hypothesis. b) alternative hypothesis. c) normal distribution. d) none of the above. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties TABLE 12-1 A study published in the American Journal of Public Health was conducted to determine whether the use of seat belts in motor vehicles depends on ethnic status in San Diego County.A sample of 792 children treated for injuries sustained from motor vehicle accidents was obtained, and each child was classified according to (1) ethnic status (Hispanic or non-Hispanic) and (2) seat belt usage (worn or not worn) during the accident. The number of children in each category is given in t he table below. | |Hispanic |Non-Hispanic | |Seat belts worn |31 |148 | |Seat belts not worn |283 |330 | . Referring to Table 12-1, which test would be used to properly analyze the data in this experiment? a) test for independence. b) test for difference between proportions. c) ANOVA F test for interaction in a 2 x 2 factorial design. d) test for goodness of fit. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence 7. Referring to Table 12-1, the calculated test statistic is a) -0. 9991. b) -0. 1368. c) 48. 1849. d) 72. 8063. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, test statistic 8.Referring to Table 12-1, at 5% level of significance, the critical value of the test statistic is a) 3. 8415. b) 5. 9914. c) 9. 4877. d) 13. 2767. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, critical value 9. Referring to Table 12-1, at 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to conclude t hat the a) use of seat belts in motor vehicles is related to ethnic status in San Diego County. b) use of seat belts in motor vehicles depends on ethnic status in San Diego County. c) use of seat belts in motor vehicles is associated with ethnic status in San Diego County. ) all of the above ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision, conclusion TABLE 12-2 Many companies use well-known celebrities as spokespersons in their TV advertisements. A study was conducted to determine whether brand awareness of female TV viewers and the gender of the spokesperson are independent. Each in a sample of 300 female TV viewers was asked to identify a product advertised by a celebrity spokesperson. The gender of the spokesperson and whether or not the viewer could identify the product was recorded. The numbers in each category are given below. |Male Celebrity |Female Celebrity | |Identified product |41 |61 | |Could not identify |109 |89 | 10. Referri ng to Table 12-2, which test would be used to properly analyze the data in this experiment? a) test for independence. b) test for difference between proportions. c) ANOVA F test for main treatment effect. d) test for goodness of fit. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence 11. Referring to Table 12-2, the calculated test statistic is a) -0. 1006. b) 0. 00. c) 5. 9418. d) 6. 1194. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, test statistic 12. Referring to Table 12-2, at 5% level of significance, the critical value of the test statistic is a) 3. 8415. b) 5. 9914. c) 9. 4877. d) 13. 2767. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, critical value 13. Referring to Table 12-2, the degrees of freedom of the test statistic are a) 1. b) 2. c) 4. ) 299. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, degrees of freedom 14. Referring to Table 12-2, at 5 % level of significance, the conclusion is that a) brand awareness of female TV viewers and the gender of the spokesperson are independent. b) brand awareness of female TV viewers and the gender of the spokesperson are not independent. c) brand awareness of female TV viewers and the gender of the spokesperson are related. d) both (b) and (c) ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision, conclusion TABLE 12-3A computer used by a 24-hour banking service is supposed to randomly assign each transaction to one of 5 memory locations. A check at the end of a day’s transactions gave the counts shown in the table to each of the 5 memory locations, along with the number of reported errors. |Memory Location: |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |Number of Transactions: |82 |100 |74 |92 |102 | |Number of Reported Errors: |11 |12 |6 |9 |10 |The bank manager wanted to test whether the proportion of errors in transactions assigned to each of the 5 memory locations differ. 15. Referring to Table 12-3, which test would be used to properly analyze the data in this experiment? a) test for independence b) test for difference between proportions c) ANOVA F test for main treatment effect d) test for goodness of fit ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions 16. Referring to Table 12-3, the degrees of freedom of the test statistic is a) 4. b) 8. c) 10. d) 448. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: EasyKEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, degrees of freedom 17. Referring to Table 12-3, the critical value of the test statistic at 1% level of significance is a) 7. 7794. b) 13. 2767. c) 20. 0902. d) 23. 2093. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, critical value 18. Referring to Table 12-3, the calculated value of the test statistic is a) -0. 1777. b) -0. 0185. c) 1. 4999. d) 1. 5190. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: c hi-square test for difference in proportions, test statistic 19. Referring to Table 12-3, at 1% level of significance ) there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportions of errors in transactions assigned to each of the 5 memory locations are all different. b) there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the proportions of errors in transactions assigned to each of the 5 memory locations are all different. c) there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of errors in transactions assigned to each of the 5 memory locations are not all the same. d) there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of errors in transactions assigned to each of the 5 memory locations are not all the same.ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, decision, conclusion 20. Moving companies are required by the government to publish a Carrier Performance Report each year. One of the descriptive statistics they m ust include is the annual percentage of shipments on which a $50 or greater claim for loss or damage was filed. Suppose two companies, Econo-Move and On-the-Move, each decide to estimate this figure by sampling their records, and they report the data shown in the following table. |Econo-Move |On-the-Move | |Total shipments sampled |900 |750 | |Number of shipments with a claim [pic] $50 |162 |60 | The owner of On-the-Move is hoping to use these data to show that the company is superior to Econo-Move with regard to the percentage of claims filed. Which test would be used to properly analyze the data in this experiment? a) test for independence b) test for goodness of fit ) ANOVA F test for main treatment effect d) test for the difference between proportions ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions 21. The Wall Street Journal recently ran an article indicating differences in the perception of sexual harassment on the job between men and women. The article claimed that women perceived the problem to be much more prevalent than did men. One question asked to both men and women was: â€Å"Do you think sexual harassment is a major problem in the American workplace? † Some 24% of the men, compared to 62% of the women, responded â€Å"Yes. Assuming W designates women’s responses and M designates men’s, what hypothesis should The Wall Street Journal test in order to show that its claim is true? a) H0: pW – pM [pic] 0 versus H1: pW – pM < 0 b) H0: pW – pM [pic] 0 versus H1: pW – pM > 0 c) H0: pW – pM = 0 versus H1: pW – pM [pic] 0 d) H0: (W – (M [pic] 0 versus H1: (W – (M > 0 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 22. The Wall Street Journal recently ran an article indicating differences in perception of sexual harassment on the job between men and women.The article claimed that women perceived the problem to be much more prevalent than did men. One question asked to both men and women was: â€Å"Do you think sexual harassment is a major problem in the American workplace? † Some 24% of the men, compared to 62% of the women, responded â€Å"Yes. † Suppose that 150 women and 200 men were interviewed. For a 0. 01 level of significance, what is the critical value for the rejection region? a) 7. 173 b) 7. 106 c) 6. 635 d) 2. 33 ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, critical value 23.The Wall Street Journal recently ran an article indicating differences in perception of sexual harassment on the job between men and women. The article claimed that women perceived the problem to be much more prevalent than did men. One question asked to both men and women was: â€Å"Do you think sexual harassment is a major problem in the American workplace? † Some 24% of the men, compared to 62% of the wome n, responded â€Å"Yes. † Suppose that 150 women and 200 men were interviewed. What is the value of the test statistic? a) 7. 173 b) 7. 106 c) 6. 635 d) 2. 33 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, test statistic 24. The Wall Street Journal recently ran an article indicating differences in perception of sexual harassment on the job between men and women. The article claimed that women perceived the problem to be much more prevalent than did men. One question asked to both men and women was: â€Å"Do you think sexual harassment is a major problem in the American workplace? † Some 24% of the men, compared to 62% of the women, responded â€Å"Yes. † Suppose that 150 women and 200 men were interviewed. What conclusion should be reached? a) Using a 0. 1 level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that women perceive the problem of sexual harassment on the job as being much more prevalent than do men. b) There is insufficient evidence to conclude with at least 99% confidence that women perceive the problem of sexual harassment on the job as being much more prevalent than do men. c) There is no evidence of a significant difference between the men and women in their perception. d) More information is needed to draw any conclusions from the data set. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision, conclusion 5. A powerful women’s group has claimed that men and women differ in attitudes about sexual discrimination. A group of 50 men (group 1) and 40 women (group 2) were asked if they thought sexual discrimination is a problem in the United States. Of those sampled, 11 of the men and 19 of the women did believe that sexual discrimination is a problem. Which of the following are the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses to test the group’s claim? a) H0: pW – pM [pic] 0 versus H1: pW – pM < 0 b) H0: pW – pM [pic] 0 versus H1: pW – pM > 0 c) H0: pW – pM = 0 versus H1: pW – pM [pic] 0 ) H0: (W – (M [pic] 0 versus H1: (W – (M > 0 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 26. A powerful women’s group has claimed that men and women differ in attitudes about sexual discrimination. A group of 50 men (group 1) and 40 women (group 2) were asked if they thought sexual discrimination is a problem in the United States. Of those sampled, 11 of the men and 19 of the women did believe that sexual discrimination is a problem. Find the value of the test statistic. a) Z = – 2. 55 b) Z = – 0. 85 c) Z = – 1. 05 d) Z = – 1. 20ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, test statistic 27. A powerful women’s group has claimed that men and women differ in attitudes about sexual discrimination. A gro up of 50 men (group 1) and 40 women (group 2) were asked if they thought sexual discrimination is a problem in the United States. Of those sampled, 11 of the men and 19 of the women did believe that sexual discrimination is a problem. If the p value turns out to be 0. 035 (which is NOT the real value in this data set), then a) at [pic] = 0. 05, we should fail to reject H0. ) at [pic] = 0. 04, we should reject H0. c) at [pic] = 0. 03, we should reject H0. d) None of the above would be correct statements. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision, conclusion TABLE 12-4 A few years ago, Pepsi invited consumers to take the â€Å"Pepsi Challenge. † Consumers were asked to decide which of two sodas, Coke or Pepsi, they preferred in a blind taste test. Pepsi was interested in determining what factors played a role in people’s taste preferences. One of the factors studied was the gender of the consumer.Below are the re sults of analyses comparing the taste preferences of men and women, with the proportions depicting preference for Pepsi. Males: n = 109, pSM = 0. 422018Females: n = 52, pSF = 0. 25 pSM – pSF = 0. 172018Z = 2. 11825 28. Referring to Table 12-4, to determine if a difference exists in the taste preferences of men and women, give the correct alternative hypothesis that Pepsi would test. a) H1: [pic] b) H1: [pic] c) H1: pM – pF [pic] 0 d) H1: pM – pF = 0 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 29.Referring to Table 12-4, suppose Pepsi wanted to test to determine if the males preferred Pepsi more than the females. Using the test statistic given, compute the appropriate p-value for the test. a) 0. 0171 b) 0. 0340 c) 0. 2119 d) 0. 4681 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value 30. Referring to Table 12-4, suppose Pepsi wanted to test to determine if the males preferred Pepsi less than the females. Using the test statistic given, compute the appropriate p-value for the test. a) 0. 0170 b) 0. 0340 c) 0. 9660 d) 0. 9830 ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value 31. Referring to Table 12-4, suppose that the two-tailed p-value was really 0. 0734. State the proper conclusion. a) At [pic] = 0. 05, there is sufficient evidence to indicate the proportion of males preferring Pepsi differs from the proportion of females preferring Pepsi. b) At [pic] = 0. 10, there is sufficient evidence to indicate the proportion of males preferring Pepsi differs from the proportion of females preferring Pepsi. c) At [pic] = 0. 05, there is sufficient evidence to indicate the proportion of males preferring Pepsi equals the proportion of females preferring Pepsi. ) At [pic] = 0. 08, there is insufficient evidence to indicate the proportion of males preferring Pepsi differs from the proportion of f emales preferring Pepsi. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision, conclusion TABLE 12-5 The following Excel output contains the results of a test to determine if the proportions of satisfied guests at two resorts are the same or different. |Hypothesized Difference |0 | |Level of Significance |0. 5 | |Group 1 | |Number of Successes |163 | |Sample Size |227 | |Group 2 | |Number of Successes |154 | |Sample Size |262 | |Group 1 Proportion |0. 18061674 | |Group 2 Proportion |0. 58778626 | |Difference in Two Proportions |0. 130275414 | |Average Proportion |0. 648261759 | |Test Statistic |3. 00875353 | |Two-Tailed Test | |Lower Critical Value |-1. 59961082 | |Upper Critical Value |1. 959961082 | |p-Value |0. 002623357 | 32. Referring to Table 12-5, allowing for 0. 75% probability of committing a Type I error, what are the decision and conclusion on testing whether there is any difference in the proportions of satisfied guest s in the two resorts? a.Do not reject the null hypothesis; there is enough evidence to conclude that there is significant difference in the proportions of satisfied guests at the two resorts. b. Do not reject the null hypothesis; there is not enough evidence to conclude that there is significant difference in the proportions of satisfied guests at the two resorts. c. Reject the null hypothesis; there is enough evidence to conclude that there is significant difference in the proportions of satisfied guests at the two resorts. d.Reject the null hypothesis; there is not enough evidence to conclude that there is significant difference in the proportions of satisfied guests at the two resorts. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision, conclusion 33. Referring to Table 12-5, if you want to test the claim that â€Å"Resort 1 (Group 1) has a higher proportion of satisfied guests than Resort 2 (Group 2),† the p-value of the test will be a) 0. 00262. b) 0. 00262/2. c) 2*(0. 00262). d) 1-(0. 00262/2). ANSWER: bTYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value 34. Referring to Table 12-5, if you want to test the claim that â€Å"Resort 1 (Group 1) has a lower proportion of satisfied guests than Resort 2 (Group 2),† you will use a) a t test for the difference in two proportions. b) a Z test for the difference in two proportions. c) a [pic] test for the difference in two proportions. d) a [pic] test for independence. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportionsTABLE 12-6 One criterion used to evaluate employees in the assembly section of a large factory is the number of defective pieces per 1,000 parts produced. The quality control department wants to find out whether there is a relationship between years of experience and defect rate. Since the job is repetitious, after the initial training period, any improvement due t o a learning effect might be offset by a loss of motivation. A defect rate is calculated for each worker in a yearly evaluation. The results for 100 workers are given in the table below. | |Years Since Training Period | | | |< 1 Year |1 – 4 Years |5 – 9 Years | | |High |6 |9 |9 | |Defect Rate: |Average |9 |19 |23 | | |Low |7 |8 |10 | 5. Referring to Table 12-6, which test would be used to properly analyze the data in this experiment to determine whether there is a relationship between defect rate and years of experience? a) [pic]test for independence in a two-way contingency table b) [pic]test for equal proportions in a one-way table c) ANOVA F test for main treatment effect d) Z test for the difference in two proportions ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence 36. Referring to Table 12-6, find the rejection region necessary for testing at the 0. 5 level of significance whether there is a relationship between defect rate and ye ars of experience. a) Reject H0 if [pic] > 16. 919. b) Reject H0 if [pic] > 15. 507. c) Reject H0 if [pic] > 11. 143. d) Reject H0 if [pic] > 9. 488. ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, critical value 37. Referring to Table 12-6, what is the expected number of employees with less than 1 year of training time and a high defect rate? a) 4. 17 b) 4. 60 c) 5. 28 d) 9. 17 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 8. Referring to Table 12-6, what is the expected number of employees with 1 to 4 years of training time and a high defect rate? a) 12. 00 b) 8. 64 c) 6. 67 d) 6. 00 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 39. Referring to Table 12-6, of the cell for 1 to 4 years of training time and a high defect rate, what is the contribution to the overall [pic] statistic for the independence test? a) 0. 36 b) 0. 1296 c) 0. 015 d) 0. 0144 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 0. Referring to Table 12-6, a test was conducted to determine if a relationship exists between defect rate and years of experience. Which of the following p-values would indicate that defect rate and years of experience are dependent? Assume you are testing at [pic] = 0. 05. a) 0. 045 b) 0. 055 c) 0. 074 d) 0. 080 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, p-value, decision TABLE 12-7 A corporation randomly selects 150 salespeople and finds that 66% who have never taken a self-improvement course would like to take such a course.The firm did a similar study 10 years ago in which 60% of a random sample of 160 salespeople wanted to take a self-improvement course. The groups are assumed to be independent random samples. Let p1 and p2 represent the true proportion of workers who would like to attend a self-impro vement course in the recent study and the past study, respectively. 41. Referring to Table 12-7, if the firm wanted to test whether this proportion has changed from the previous study, which represents the relevant hypotheses? a) H0: p1 – p2 = 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 b) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 = 0 ) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 > 0 d) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 < 0 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions 42. Referring to Table 12-7, if the firm wanted to test whether a greater proportion of workers would currently like to attend a self-improvement course than in the past, which represents the relevant hypotheses? a) H0: p1 – p2 = 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 b) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 = 0 c) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 > 0 ) H0 : p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 < 0 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 43. Referring to Table 12-7, what is the unbiased point estimate for the difference between the two population proportions? a) 0. 06 b) 0. 10 c) 0. 15 d) 0. 22 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: point estimate 44. Referring to Table 12-7, what is/are the critical value(s) when performing a Z test on whether population proportions are different if [pic] = 0. 05? a) [pic] 1. 645 b) [pic] 1. 96 c) -1. 96 d) [pic] 2. 8 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, critical value 45. Referring to Table 12-7, what is/are the critical value(s) when testing whether population proportions are different if [pic] = 0. 10? a) [pic] 1. 645 b) [pic] 1. 96 c) -1. 96 d) [pic] 2. 08 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, critical value 46. Referring to Table 12-7, what is/are the critical value(s) when testing whether the current population proportion is higher than before if [pic] = 0. 05? a) [pic]1. 645 b) + 1. 45 c) [pic]1. 96 d) + 1. 96 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, critical value 47. Referring to Table 12-7, what is the estimated standard error of the difference between the two sample proportions? a) 0. 629 b) 0. 500 c) 0. 055 d) 0 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, standard error 48. Referring to Table 12-7, what is the value of the test statistic to use in evaluating the alternative hypothesis that there is a difference in the two population proportions? ) 4. 335 b) 1. 96 c) 1. 093 d) 0 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, chi-square test for difference in proportions, test statistic 49. Referring to Table 12-7, the company tests at the 0. 05 level to determine whether the population proportion has changed from the previous study. Which of the following is most correct? a) Reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the proportion of employees who are interested in a self-improvement course has changed over the intervening 10 years. ) Do not reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the proportion of employees who are interested in a self-improvement course has not changed over the intervening 10 years. c) Reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the proportion of employees who are interested in a self-improvement course has increased over the intervening 10 years. d) Do not reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the proportion of employees who are interested in a self-improvement course has increased over the intervening 10 years. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, chi-square test for difference in proportions, decision, conclusion 50. True or Fal se: In testing the difference between two proportions, we may use either a one-tailed chi-square test or two-tailed Z test. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, chi-square test for difference in proportions 51. True or False: The squared difference between the observed and theoretical frequencies should be large if there is no significant difference between the proportions.ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties 52. True or False: A test for the difference between two proportions can be performed using the chi-square distribution. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions 53. True or False: A test for whether one proportion is higher than the other can be performed using the chi-square distribution. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions 54.True or False: When using the [pic] tests for independence, one should be aware that expected frequencies that are too small will lead to too big a Type I error. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Difficult KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, properties, assumption 55. True or False: If we use the chi-square method of analysis to test for the difference between proportions, we must assume that there are at least 5 observed frequencies in each cell of the contingency table. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, properties, assumption 6. If we wish to determine whether there is evidence that the proportion of successes is higher in Group 1 than in Group 2, and the test statistic for Z = +2. 07, the p-value is equal to ______. ANSWER: 0. 0192 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value TABLE 12-8 The dean of a college is interested in the proportion of graduates from his college who have a job offer on graduation day. He is particularly interested in seeing if there is a difference in this proportion for accounting and economics majors.In a random sample of 100 of each type of major at graduation, he found that 65 accounting majors and 52 economics majors had job offers. If the accounting majors are designated as â€Å"Group 1† and the economics majors are designated as â€Å"Group 2,† perform the appropriate hypothesis test using a level of significance of 0. 05. 57. Referring to Table 12-8, the hypotheses the dean should use are: a) H0: p1 – p2 = 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 [pic] 0. b) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 = 0. c) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 > 0. d) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 < 0.ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 58. Referring to Table 12-8, the null hypot hesis will be rejected if the test statistic is ________. ANSWER: Z > 1. 96 or < -1. 96 or [pic] > 3. 841 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, critical value 59. Referring to Table 12-8, the value of the test statistic is ________. ANSWER: Z = 1. 866 or [pic] = 3. 4806 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, test statistic 60. Referring to Table 12-8, the p-value of the test is ________. ANSWER: 0. 0621 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value 61. True or False: Referring to Table 12-8, the null hypothesis should be rejected. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, decision 62.True or False: Referring to Table 12-8, th e same decision would be made with this test if the level of significance had been 0. 01 rather than 0. 05. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, decision 63. True or False: Referring to Table 12-8, the same decision would be made with this test if the level of significance had been 0. 10 rather than 0. 05. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, decision TABLE 12-9A quality control engineer is in charge of the manufacture of computer disks. Two different processes can be used to manufacture the disks. He suspects that the Kohler method produces a greater proportion of defects than the Russell method. He samples 150 of the Kohler and 200 of the Russell disks and finds that 27 and 18 of them, respectively, are defective. If Kohler is designated as â€Å"Group 1† and Russell is designated as â€Å"Group 2,† perform the appropriate test at a level of significance of 0. 01. 64. Referring to Table 12-9, the hypotheses that should be tested are: a) H0: p1 – p2 = 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 [pic] 0. ) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 = 0. c) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 > 0. d) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 < 0. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 65. Referring to Table 12-9, the null hypothesis will be rejected if the test statistic is ________. ANSWER: Z > 2. 33 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, critical value 66. Referring to Table 12-9, the value of the test statistic is ________. ANSWER: 2. 49 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, test statistic 67. Referring to Table 12-9, the p-value of the test is ________. ANSWER: 0. 0064 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value 68. True or False: Referring to Table 12-9, the null hypothesis should be rejected. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision 69. True or False: Referring to Table 12-9, the same decision would be made with this test if the level of significance had been 0. 05 rather than 0. 01. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision 70. True or False: Referring to Table 12-9, the same decision would be made if this had been a two-tailed test at a level of significance of 0. 01. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision TABLE 12-10 The director of transportation of a large company is interested in the usage of her van pool. She considers her routes to be divided into local and non-local. She is particularly intereste d in learning if there is a difference in the proportion of males and females who use the local routes.She takes a sample of a day's riders and finds the following: | |Male |Female |Total | |Local |27 |44 |71 | |Non-Local |33 |25 |58 | |Total |60 |69 |129 | She will use this information to perform a chi-square hypothesis test using a level of significance of 0. 05. 71. Referring to Table 12-10, the test will involve _________ degree(s) of freedom. ANSWER: 1TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, degrees of freedom 72. Referring to Table 12-10, the overall or average proportion of local riders is __________. ANSWER: 0. 550 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties 73. Referring to Table 12-10, the expected cell frequency in the Male/Local cell is __________. ANSWER: 33. 02 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, contingency table, properties 74 . Referring to Table 12-10, the expected cell frequency in the Female/Non-Local cell is __________.ANSWER: 31. 02 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, contingency table, properties 75. Referring to Table 12-10, the critical value of the test is _________. ANSWER: 3. 841 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, critical value 76. Referring to Table 12-10, the value of the test statistic is _________. ANSWER: 4. 568 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, test statistic 77. True or False: Referring to Table 12-10, the null hypothesis will be rejected.ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, decision 78. True or False: Referring to Table 12-10, the decision made suggests that there is a difference between the proportion of males and females who ride local versus non-local routes. ANSWER: Tru e TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Median KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, conclusion TABLE 12-11 Four surgical procedures are currently used to install pacemakers. If the patient does not need to return for follow-up surgery, the operation is called a â€Å"clear† operation.A heart center wants to compare the proportion of clear operations for the 4 procedures, and collects the following numbers of patients from their own records: | |Procedure | | | |A |B |C |D |Total | |Clear |27 |41 |21 |7 |96 | |Return |11 |15 |9 |11 |46 | |Total |38 |56 |30 |18 |142 They will use this information to test for a difference among the proportion of clear operations using a chi-square test with a level of significance of 0. 05. 79. Referring to Table 12-11, the test will involve _________ degrees of freedom. ANSWER: 3 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, degrees of freedom 80. Referring to Table 12-11, the overall or average proportion of clear operations is __________. ANSWER: 0. 676 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties 81.Referring to Table 12-11, the expected cell frequency for the Procedure A/Clear cell is __________. ANSWER: 25. 69 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, contingency table, properties 82. Referring to Table 12-11, the expected cell frequency for the Procedure D/Return cell is __________. ANSWER: 5. 83 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, contingency table, properties 83. Referring to Table 12-11, the critical value of the test is ________. ANSWER: 7. 815 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: EasyKEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, critical value 84. Referring to Table 12-11, the value of the test statistic is _________. ANSWER: 7. 867 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, test statistic 85 . True or False: Referring to Table 12-11, the null hypothesis will be rejected. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, decision 86. True or False: Referring to Table 12-11, the decision made suggests that the 4 procedures all have different proportions of clear operations.ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, conclusion 87. True or False: Referring to Table 12-11, the decision made suggests that the 4 procedures do not all have the same proportion of clear operations. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, conclusion TABLE 12-12 The director of admissions at a state college is interested in seeing if admissions status (admitted, waiting list, denied admission) at his college is independent of the type of community in which an applicant resides.He takes a sample of recent admissions decisions and form s the following table: | |Admitted |Wait List |Denied |Total | |Urban |45 |21 |17 |83 | |Rural |33 |13 |24 |70 | |Suburban |34 |12 |39 |85 | |Total |112 |46 |80 |238 |He will use this table to do a chi-square test of independence with a level of significance of 0. 01. 88. Referring to Table 12-12, the test will involve _________ degrees of freedom. ANSWER: 4 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, degrees of freedom 89. Referring to Table 12-12, the critical value of the test is _________. ANSWER: 13. 277 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, critical value 90. Referring to Table 12-12, the expected cell frequency for the Admitted/Urban cell is _________. ANSWER: 39. 06TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 91. Referring to Table 12-12, the value of the test statistic is _________. ANSWER: 12. 624 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of indep endence, test statistic 92. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the null hypothesis will be rejected. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision 93. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the p-value of this test is greater than 0. 01. ANSWER: TrueTYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, p-value 94. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the decision made suggests that admissions status at the college is independent of the type of community in which an applicant resides. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, conclusion 95. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the same decision would be made with this test if the level of significance had been 0. 005. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision 6. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the same decision would be made with this test if the level o f significance had been 0. 05. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision 97. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the null hypothesis claims that â€Å"there is no association between admission status at the college and the type of community in which an applicant resides. † ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, form of hypothesis, conclusion 98.True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the alternative hypothesis claims that â€Å"there is some connection between admission status at the college and the type of community in which an applicant resides. † ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, form of hypothesis, conclusion 99. True or False: The chi-square test of independence requires that the number of expected frequency in each cell to be at least 5. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, assumption 100.True or False: The chi-square test of independence requires that the number of expected frequency in each cell to be at least 1. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, assumption TABLE 12-13 Parents complain that children read too few story books and watch too much television nowadays. A survey of 1,000 children reveals the following information on average time spent watching TV and average time spent reading story books: | |Average time spent reading story books | |Average time pent watching TV |Less than 1 hour |Between 1 and 2 hours |More than 2 hours | |Less than 2 hours |90 |85 |130 | |More than 2 hours |655 |32 |8 | 101. Referring to Table 12-13, how many children in the survey spent less than 2 hours watching TV and more than 2 hours reading story books, on average? a) 8 b) 130 c) 175 d) 687 ANSWER: bTYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: contingency table, properties 102. Referring to Table 12-13, how many children in the survey spent less than 2 hours watching TV and no more than 2 hours reading story books, on average? a) 8 b) 130 c) 175 d) 687 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: contingency table, properties 103. Referring to Table 12-13, if the null hypothesis of no connection between time spent watching TV and time spent reading story books is true, how many children watching less than 2 hours of TV and reading no more than 2 hours of story books, on average, can we expect? ) 35. 69 b) 227. 23 c) 262. 91 d) 969. 75 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Difficult KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 104. Referring to Table 12-13, if the null hypothesis of no connection between time spent watching TV and time spent reading story books is true, how many children watching less than 2 hours of TV and reading more than 2 hours of story books, on average, can we expect? a) 42. 09 b) 155. 25 c) 262. 92 d) 987. 75 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS : chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 105.Referring to Table 12-13, to test whether there is any relationship between average time spent watching TV and average time spent reading story books, the value of the measured test statistic is a) -12. 59. b) 1. 61. c) 481. 49. d) 1,368. 06. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, test statistic 106. Referring to Table 12-13, suppose we want to constrain the probability of committing a Type I error to 5% when testing whether there is any relationship between average time spent watching TV and average time spent reading story books.The critical value will be a) 5. 991. b) 7. 378. c) 12. 592. d) 14. 449. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, critical value 107. Referring to Table 12-13, we want to test whether there is any relationship between average time spent watching TV and average time spent reading story books. Suppose the valu e of the test statistic was 164 (which is not the correct answer) and the critical value was 19. 00 (which is not the correct answer), then we could conclude that a) there is a connection between time spent reading story books and time spent watching TV. ) there is no connection between time spent reading story books and time spent watching TV. c) more time spent reading story books leads to less time spent watching TV. d) more time spent watching TV leads to less time spent reading story books. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision, conclusion TABLE 12-14 Recent studies have found that American children are more obese than in the past. The amount of time children spend watching television has received much of the blame.A survey of 100 ten-year-olds revealed the following with regards to weights and average number of hours a day spent watching television. We are interested in testing whether the average number of hours spent watc hing TV and weights are independent at 1% level of significance. |Weights |TV Hours |Total | | |0-3 |3-6 |6+ | | |More than 10 lbs. verweight |1 |9 |20 |30 | |Within 10 lbs. of normal weight |20 |15 |15 |50 | |More than 10 lbs. underweight |10 |5 |5 |20 | |Total |31 |29 |40 |100 | 108.Referring to Table 12-14, if there is no connection between weights and average number of hours spent watching TV, we should expect how many children to be spending 3-6 hours, on average, watching TV and are more than 10 lbs. underweight? a) 5 b) 5. 8 c) 6. 2 d) 8 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 109. Referring to Table 12-14, if there is no connection between weights and average number of hours spent watching TV, we should expect how many children to be spending no more than 6 hours, on average, watching TV and are more than 10 lbs. nderweight? a) 5. 8 b) 6. 2 c) 8 d) 12 ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi- square test of independence, contingency table, properties 110. Referring to Table 12-14, how many children in the survey spend more than 6 hours watching TV and are more than 10 lbs. overweight? a) 1 b) 9 c) 20 d) 40 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 111. Referring to Table 12-14, how many children in the survey spend no more than 6 hours watching TV and are more than 10 lbs. underweight? a) 5 ) 10 c) 15 d) 20 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 112. Referring to Table 12-14, the value of the test statistic is a) 8. 532. b) 15. 483. c) 18. 889. d) 69. 744. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, test statistic 113. Referring to Table 12-14, the critical value of the test will be a) 6. 635. b) 13. 277. c) 14. 860. d) 21. 666. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of indep endence, critical value 114.Referring to Table 12-14, suppose the value of the test statistic was 30. 00 (which is not the correct value) and the critical value at 1% level of significance was 10. 00 (which is not the correct value), which of the following conclusions would be correct? a) We will accept the null and conclude that the average number of hours spent watching TV and weights are independent. b) We will reject the null and conclude that the average number of hours spent watching TV and weights are independent. c) We will accept the null and conclude that the average number of hours spent watching TV and weights are not independent. ) We will reject the null and conclude that the average number of hours spent watching TV and weights are not independent. ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision, conclusion 115. Referring to Table 12-14, which of the following statements is correct? a) We can accept the null for any level of significance greater than 0. 005 b) We can reject the null for any level of significance greater than 0. 005. c) We can accept the null for any level of significance smaller than 0. 005 d) We can reject the null for any level of significance smaller than 0. 05. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Difficult KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision 116. Referring to Table 12-14, the degrees of freedom of the test statistic are a) 1. b) 2. c) 4. d) 9. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, degrees of freedom 117. True or False: Referring to Table 12-14, the test is always a one-tailed test. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, properties Table 12-15 According to an article in Marketing News, fewer checks are being written at grocery store checkout stands than in the past.To determine whether there is a difference in the proportion of shoppers who paid by check over three consecutive years at a 0 . 05 level of significance, the results of a survey of 500 shoppers during three consecutive years are obtained and presented below. | |Year | |Check Written |Year 1 |Year 2 |Year 3 | |Yes |225 |175 |125 | |No |275 |325 |375 | 118.Referring to Table 12-15, what is the expected number of shoppers who paid by check in year 1 if there was no difference in the proportion of shoppers who paid by check over the three years? ANSWER: 175 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties 119. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the expected number of shoppers who did not pay by check in year 3 if there was no difference in the proportion of shoppers who paid by check over the three years? ANSWER: 325 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties 20. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the form of the null hypothesis? a) [pic] b) [pic] c) [pic] d) [pic] ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-squ are test for difference in proportions, forms of hypothesis 121. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the form of the alternative hypothesis? a) [pic] b) [pic] c) [pic] d) [pic] not all [pic] are the same ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, forms of hypothesis 122. True or False: Referring to Table 12-15, the assumptions needed to perform the test are satisfied. ANSWER:True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, assumption 123. Referring to Table 12-15, what are the degrees of freedom of the test statistic? ANSWER: 2 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, degrees of freedom 124. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the value of the test statistic? ANSWER: 43. 96 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, test statistic 125. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the critical value? ANSWER: 5. 99 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: EasyKEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, critical value 126. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the p-value of the test statistic? ANSWER: 2. 9E-10 or smaller than 0. 005 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, p-value 127. True or False: Referring to Table 12-15, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, decision 128. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the correct conclusion? a) There is enough evidence that the proportions are all different in the 3 years. ) There is not enough evidence that the proportions are all different in the 3 years. c) There is enough evidence that at least two of the proportions are not equal. d) There is not enough evidence that at least two of the proportions are not equal. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, conclusion 129. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the value of the critical range for the Marascuilo procedure to test for the difference in proportions between year 1 and year 2 using a 0. 05 level of significance? ANSWER: 0. 0754 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: DifficultKEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Marascuilo procedure, critical value 130. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the value of the critical range for the Marascuilo procedure to test for the difference in proportions between year 1 and year 3 using a 0. 05 level of significance? ANSWER: 0. 0722 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Difficult KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Marascuilo procedure, critical range 131. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the value of the critical range for the Marascuilo procedure to test for the difference in proportions between year 2 and year 3 using a 0. 5 level of significance? ANSWER: 0. 0705 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Difficult KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportion s, Marascuilo procedure, critical value 132. True or False: Referring to Table 12-15, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportions between year 1 and year 2 are different at a 0. 05 level of significance. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Marascuilo procedure, decision, conclusion 133.True or False: Referring to Table 12-15, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportions between year 1 and year 3 are different at a 0. 05 level of significance. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Marascuilo procedure, decision, conclusion 134. True or False: Referring to Table 12-15, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportions between year 2 and year 3 are different at a 0. 05 level of significance. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Marascuilo procedure, decision conclusion

Airline Business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Airline Business - Coursework Example u-Taieh (2011: p58) notes that while an airline may put together the best management team and business plan, failure to access sufficient funding and finance makes short term success of the airplane impossible. At present, start-up capital required to finance the working capital needs is readily available by historic standards, specifically if the project is right for investors. This paper analyse possible sources of funding for an investor seeking to launch an airline start-up, while also discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the different sources of funding. Moreover, the paper will seek to identify factors that investors are likely to consider prior to evaluating funding requests. One source of funding that an airline start up could use is a direct lending. In this case, an airline could decide to take out an unsecured or secured loan as working capital but more specifically to purchase commercial aircraft (Wynbrandt, 2014: p47). Moreover, the airline start-up may receive a loan for a syndicate of banks since the transaction may be quite large. Since commercial aircraft costs could reach several hundreds of millions of dollars, security interest accompanies most aircraft purchase direct lending, which means that the loaning bank could repossess the aircraft if the start-up fails to pay back the loan. Generally, obtaining private financing that is unsecured to purchase an aircraft is very difficult unless the airline start-up is considered especially creditworthy. Still, there are some governments that use the Large Aircraft Sector Understanding to fund exports of aircraft produced domestically, an agreement is providing for aircraft purchase financing at clos e to 175 points for ten years over the prime rate (Wynbrandt, 2014: p47). In addition, there is also an option for the start-up airline to lock interest rates in up to twelve weeks before receiving the loan. Such terms tend to be more attractive for start-up airlines, rather than large operators,

Universal Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Universal Health Care - Essay Example The current system of healthcare basically seeks community and society influences to make healthcare better for the average consumer, but some critics who advocate universal healthcare say that the system of managed care is run not by concern for the customer, but by the bottom line of profits. It is therefore not a community healthcare organization necessarily, but a consumer one. â€Å"Patients expect the managed care provider to help them manage their relationship with their health plan. Providers should supply patients with information about health plan changes by their employer and assistance in discussing their health plan preferences with their employer. The provider can encourage patients to take responsibility for their relationship with the health plan, but also should have processes in place to assist the patient in working with the health plan to address issues such as care denials or other service issues† (Tomczyk, 2002). This addresses customer service principles rather than general wellness. consumer care, such as currently existing programs like Medicaid and Medicare that provide programs that increase accessibility for the poor and elderly. Other countries such as Canada have made medical care universally accessible to everybody in the country. Accessibility, as well as education, is an important goal. If a person is poor or elderly, they are going to be less likely in the US to get quality healthcare and have insurance, and in many cases, it is a problem of access as well as opportunity. For poor minority immigrant families for example, â€Å"reducing Medicaid eligibility for these children will not necessarily save money as long as children remain eligible for costly emergency care† (RAND, 2002). Many immigrant families find it hard to navigate the existing pattern of federalized programs on a state and local level in terms of eligibility and access. educational programs

Successful International Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Successful International - Assignment Example By knowing their culture, their mindset can be according to the traditions and culture of the place they are relocated. This allows the individual to adjust better and refine their adjustments to be more accurate. In this case, Fred Bailey seems to be very excited about his shift, thus showing his interest. Cross-culture training is vital to ensure that the individual knows exactly how to react and behave in the given situation which also improves the adjustment to a job (Eschbach, Parker& Stoeberl). This training includes not only the procedures of the job but also how to interact with the nationals of the host country and the environment in general. But the problem during this pre-departure preparation is the individual's concentration on logistical problems which prevents them from paying attention to any form of training. Fred Bailey Previous experience in the international arena is considered as an asset to help in adjusting to a new atmosphere. However, many individuals lack this knowledge. Thus, there ability to the deep culture is greatly reduced. Without any pre-departure training, many individuals face culture shock and find it difficult to adjust to the new environment. The organization should also ensure that their employees are aware of the degree of difference between the organization in their own country and the one they are changing to. If the foreign institute has a different operational method then it will be harder for the expatriate to fit into the organizational structure. For instance, Bailey does not understand the Japanese inability to hold proper communication with the head of the organization. All of them hold are unable to hold a interactive discussion with Bailey which leads to frustration on his side. Also, it is very hard for an employee with a family to move to a new country, especially if the logistics include a family. By providing support to the individual, the organization can remove problems like finding housing and schooling. In this way non-work problems can be easily solved, allowing the expatriate to adjust easily to the general environment. In this case Fred Bailey is prevented from being too happy about the move because of the wife and children that will accompany him. Not only does this curtail the interest in the new job but the children's shift in schools and environment will be an added burden on the parents' minds. Along with this, Fred's wife finds the move to be difficult and eventually ends up wanting to leave instead of adjust. This is especially important when the native and host culture are greatly different. Adjustment for the employee and their partner's interaction with the environment is difficult because of their inability to behave appropriately. The greater the cultural difference between the environments, the easier it is to make cultural mistakes which can lead to immense frustration about the errors (Lowe, Downes & Kroeck). The co-workers in the host organization play a vital role in allowing the new member to fit into the environment. They provide emotional support to the new employee with their acceptance and also teach them how to follow the ropes. In this case, Bailey hardly gets any feedback from his fellow employees. Instead he feels alienated and different from the

Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project - Essay Example After then, Net Present Value (NPV) for the whole project is computed. Financial and non-financial risks factors are discussed while highlight the issues that may hinder the overall progress and benefits attached with this project. Recommendation is the last part of this report in which the discussion is provided which focuses on the acceptance or rejection of this project. 1. Present Value of Cost of Project The cost of building a new facility in the form of electricity generator is compromised on two years cost. The cost of first year is $25 million whereas the cost for the second year is $28 million. If the time value of money factor is set aside, the total cost of building such generator is $53 million. After discounting this cost with the cost of capital of 8%, the present value is found to be $50.93. The following is the supporting calculations used to compute the present value of building up the generator. Years Cost of Generator    Discount Factor (8%)    Discounted Value of Cost    Present Value of Cost 0 -25 x 1.0000 = -25.00 = -50.93 1 -28 x 0.9259 = -25.93       2. Present Value of After-tax Cash Flows It is expected that after-tax profits earned by selling the electricity would continue over a period of 9 years once the generator facility is built. By leaving out the factor of time value of money, the total profits earned in the form of cash flows from the generator amounts to $75 million. However, if cash flows pertaining to each year are discounted by the cost of capital of 8%, it decreases the value of $75 million a lot such that the present value is summed up to barely $47.16 million. The following is the comprehensive computation, which is used for calculating the present value of sales of electricity. Years After-tax Profits    Discount Factor (8%)    Discounted Cash Flows    Present Value of Cash Flows 2 6 x 0.8573 = 5.14 = 47.16 3 7 x 0.7938 = 5.56    4 8 x 0.7350 = 5.88    5 9 x 0.6806 = 6.13    6 9 x 0.6302 = 5.67    7 9 x 0.5835 = 5.25    8 9 x 0.5403 = 4.86    9 9 x 0.5002 = 4.50    10 9 x 0.4632 = 4.17       3. Net Present Value Net present value computed for the overall project is computed as negative $3.76. Net present value states the amount, which depicts whether the project provides the excess of cash inflows over the cost of building the generator facility after considering the element of time value of money. Following are the detailed computations for calculating the NPV of the project under consideration: Years Cost of Generator After-tax cash flows Discount Factor (8%) Discounted Cash Flows NPV 0 -25 1.0000 -25.00 -3.76 1 -28 0.9259 -25.93    2 6 0.8573 5.14    3 7 0.7938 5.56    4 8 0.7350 5.88    5 9 0.6806 6.13    6 9 0.6302 5.67    7 9 0.5835 5.25    8 9 0.5403 4.86    9 9 0.5002 4.50    10    9 0.4632 4.17    4. Risks The project of building up a new generator facility, which is expected to work for the next ten years bring several risk factors . These factors can be split into two major categories namely as financial and non-financial factors. Financial risk factors are given below followed by the non-financial factors. Financial Factors a) Cost of Capital One of the most important risk factors associated with such financial projections is the estimating the most appropriate cost of capital, which is used as discount factor to discount the cash flows and initial investment in order to compute the present values. It is extremely subjective to estimate the cost of capit

Human resources management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Human resources management - Essay Example For instance, one of the results of this disintegration is that Personnel Function is disabled to exercise comprehensive appraisal, meaning clear goal setting and evaluation of the personnel. In other words, it has no influence on the socialization of their newcomers and current employees; thus, it is incapable to see their progress, understand their primary expectations, and clarify their functions on the workplace. In short, the lack of systematization in personnel recruitment is among the main challenges for Personnel Function. Thus, the future of this body is blurring, since its ineffectiveness becomes more and more evident. In short, Personnel Function is slightly responsible for HR management even now, and tends to lose even more freedom in the future In the short-term period, the absence-management is the subject of concern in Valleyway. In this context, there is a need to provide this kind of management in terms of both comprehending the social structure of employees (age, gender, family conditions) and creating satisfactory job situation (team building, responsibility, and work rotation). In fact, current problems in absence management is hard to identify, because Personnel Function has not enough information on the company’s employees. Each gender and age has different reasons of absence; thus, Personnel Function must know in detail about everyone’s living conditions in Valleyway. Another short-term measure is to provide 360-degree appraisal held by Personnel Function, meaning the open discussion for all the employees with peer reviewing, introducing open culture and mutual responsibility in the company, and critical evaluation of own achievements on the workplace. In this meeting, it is crucial not only to know better the company’s staff but also to articulate corporate goals and ambitions with clear understanding of everyone’s investment in them. Moreover, the effectiveness of

Summery Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summery - Article Example While the supporters of the concept tries to establish the fact that the diversified work force have positive impact over the productivity of the organization and therefore directly contributes toward the increased revenue and productivity of the organization, many others do not subscribe to the fact. While the entire industry, both from the functional as well as academia, accepts that work place as well as work force diversity are the most upcoming concepts that is implementing sea change in the industry, many of the scholar and the managers do not agree that such diversity is always helpful and should be most sought for the organizations. Many of them points out that diversified work force do not have any specific attribute rather is just a strategy for the multi – national corporations and other organizations to comply with the government regulations as well as to comply with the demands of the pressure groups. The article of the Issue 7, ‘Is Diversity in the Workplace a Worthwhile Goal for Corporations?’ is undoubtedly one of the most discussed and debated topics of the present world of today. The article clearly encapsulates the fact that while many of the leaders of the managerial as well as the academic fraternity supports the syndrome of diversified work force, many others perceives that such diversity does not have any positive impact over the productivity and the profitability of the organization. The article sums up the view point of Nancy R. Lockwood and Roger Clegg. The belief of Nancy R. Lockwood can be studied from HR Magazine that was published in the June of 2005 and Roger Clegg penned down his belief in the National Review Online on 21st January of 2002 with the heading of ‘Diversity Nonsense’. The recent trade in the job market of the United States clearly depicts the change in the structure and trends of the employee force. Even

CULTURAL VARIATION ACROSS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Essay

CULTURAL VARIATION ACROSS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS - Essay Example The encouraging movement of IM&As has been recognised especially in developing countries which has facilitated in providing scope for maximizing and reshaping the financial structure of the global boundaries. With this concern, it can be observed that the Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As) are frequently not able to ascertain the overall financial benefits of M&As due to not keeping abreast with the recent trends (Chapman, 2003). The paper takes into consideration a competitive analysis of increasing amount of FDI through the IM&As and its impact on the culture of the United Kingdom and China. The paper also intends to focus on the various cultural differences and their impacts on the aspect of IM&As. Key Components of Culture Values and Beliefs Individual’s values and beliefs are the fundamental aspects of cultural deviation within a community. The notion of value can be defined as the various evolving aspects that affect a person while acquiring decisions or doing any activity in relation to development of the social culture. The dissimilar national cultures involved within the cross boarder M&As endorse increased opportunities along with augmenting the amount of risks within the enterprises (Comminicaid, n.d.). It has been observed that the process of M&As create certain difficulties for the merging enterprise to be integrated due to its double layered of socialization norms where, the organisations need to fiddle not only with a different national culture but also the values and the traditions of the firms of another country. With this concern, the higher individualistic characteristic within the UK employees enables to ascertain the development of individual performances with their creativity and innovative ideas. However, the values within Chinese culture are frequently observed as a significant aspect in terms of establishing the culture in managerial and organisational practices. The strong importance upon the dimension of collectivism and correlati ve group behaviours are highly observed within the business culture of Chinese organisations (Cheng & Seeger, 2012). Communication Styles The communication style of the business organisations is an important part to negotiate and perform various operational as well as organisational practices. The communication style enables to create a sophisticated relationship between two different organisations having diverse cultural norms. Moreover, communication can be considered as a major aspect that impacts on the business culture in case of M&As. With this concern, the European communication styles play considerably an eminent part in terms of maintaining a positive and comprehensive communication within the various organisational practices. The communication style of the organisations in the UK and China should be adequate to perform an idealistic approach of IM&As (Stahl & Voigt, 2006). Negotiation Styles Negotiation can be considered as a feasible strategy for an organisation to achiev e the height of success in global business. The people of the organisa

Eminent Domain Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 30

Eminent Domain - Case Study Example The city plan did not violate the constitutional taking clause. The takings clause protects the private property from conversion by the state for public use without just compensation. The plan was engineered to boost the low economy by providing jobs to the unemployed and increase the tax receipts that would eventually see the city's economy stabilize. This step is beneficial to the public both directly and indirectly and a legitimate public use of the justly acquired land. The economic benefits, on the other hand, appear to be secondary and incidental as brought forth by the dissenting judge. The developers seem to be the primary beneficiary of the acquisition and there is no surety that unemployment will be curbed and hence have the public benefit. All in all, the entire takings clause is objected towards just compensation of the private landowners where the government acquires such land for public use. From the foregoing, the land was put into public use that is faced as economic development having compensated the owners justly. It thus follows that the takings clause was not violated.

A Solution to childhood obesity in Australia Essay Example for Free

A Solution to childhood obesity in Australia Essay It is essential that through government and community participation, we develop, establish and integrate safe strategies to tackle the ever increasing problem of childhood obesity. Australia is rapidly turning into a nation of fat kids. One in every five youngsters is now designated as overweight or obese, living a life prone to cardiovascular and health problems along with risks to there mental state and general well being. Studies conducted by The Australian Diabetes, obesity and lifestyle council indicate that poor self-esteem and confidence has also been associated with obesity and almost doubles the chances of depression. Education Queensland also associates obesity with poor academic performance, un-developed motor skills and coordination. Obesity is a killer, not only causing serious long term medial problems, but costing the taxpayer over a billion dollars each year. Something must be done. If we dont act on this problem NOW, then it is predicted by 2020 that 65% of adolescents will be overweight or obese. There are so many reasons to exercise, so many benefits of leading a healthy lifestyle. In todays media conscious world we hear bout them, read bout them and are told about them almost everyday. So why do we continually ask the question.. why is Australias youth becoming increasingly overweight and unfit? There is a simple reason behind this staggering truth, a recent study found that 80 percent of adolescence did very little or no exercise- daily activities such as walking to school, physical education classes, after school activities, chores and general playing have been replaced with a sedentary lifestyle in front of the TV, computer or video games. Together we need to develop, establish and integrate safe program that offers adolescents of all ages the opportunity to engage in physical activity that enhances work, recreation and sports enjoyment and performance. For you see Im not going to let another child go through the pain, torture and humiliation I suffered in my childhood years. Let me tell you a story For the majority of my primary years I was called fattie. I weighed about a 130 kilos, had a double chin, a bulging gut, fat hanging from every direction and for this physical appearance I truly copped it. Undoubtedly, my years at primary school probably werent like your days, fun-filled or joyful, my days were filled with tears, pain and suffering. Every single day of my life from years four to seven were filled with name calling and pranks. Not a day went by that I didnt get singled out, harassed or bullied. Day after day, second after second I was being called fat boy, fattie, go have another cheese burger. It tore away my confidence and squashed my self esteem. I missed out on what people describe as some of the best years of your life, I gave up rugby, soccer and swimming not because I didnt enjoy it, but instead because every time I went to training or a game I felt alone inadequate. How would you like it if you life was like this day after day, , minute after minute? Do you think youd be sitting where you are today?, This heart break, pain and torture was caused by one thing obesity. I was so sick of been harassed, singled out I searched for a solution. Three months later, after living on a diet that consisted of egg white, protein shakes and salad and an hours exercise. I was a new person, sixty kilos lighter. But the psychological issues were still there, I became ever more unconfident, depressed and unsure of myself. I became addicted to the gym, going twice or three times a day and even took growth hormones and steroids to gain peoples acceptance. The cycle kept on going, until it got to the point where it got to much, the body couldnt handle it, I couldnt handle.. and I found myself in hospital. Childhood obesity isnt simply, an issue of been fat, it plays with the mind and heart. Together, we need to develop, establish and integrate safe program that allows youths of all shapes and sizes the chance to identify the physiological reason as why they are overweight, the opportunity to be involved with whatever physical activity they find fun, and motivate and  support them to lead a healthy and active life in a safe manner. Something needs to be done. It is essential that through political and social streams, an alliance is formed to tackle the ever increasing problems of childhood obesity. With government funding, a program can be developed that that permanently changes basic eating and exercise habits. This will be achieved by identifying the key emotional issues that are instrumental in the adolescent becoming overweight. Allowing children from all socio-economic backgrounds the opportunity to take up physical activity such as soccer or rugby and be in a supportive atmosphere were dietians, physiologist and mentors are available. Such a program can be integrated within the current school time table or take place as an after school care activity. By establishing and integrating such a program that approaches the problems of childhood obesity from every angle, we can hopefully help those one in five suffers. Studies by Fitness Australia, illustrate that Youth receiving additional physical activity tend to show improved attributes such as increased brain function and nourishment, higher energy/concentration levels, changes in body build affecting increased self-esteem and better behaviour which may all support cognitive learning. If this is not enough to convince you, then think bout it from your own perspective, would you like to be teased and tormented everyday, live in a world of depression, where you simply dont think you match up? As Martin Luther King once said I am not sure I would have wanted my children to live a life of torment and abuse, so I dared to stop it. Together, we can turn Australia into a nation of healthy, lean, happy and confident children, that are on top of the world.

English Literature Essay Example for Free

English Literature Essay On my personal perception, â€Å"art† is composition of own personal – views, beliefs, and felling. Moreover, my representation of â€Å"art† can be in from of – painting, photography, sculpture and music, which are all composed through inspirations and personal characteristics. Personally I am an art fanatic, which I have deeper appreciation on various art pieces like – painting and photography. Furthermore, art for me is an outlet in which a person or an artist releases his or her inner – desire, characteristics, which is known as normally, comes out with art masterpiece. Also, my personal perception on â€Å"art work† is a representation of the present situation or current feelings of the artist in which he or she releases in an artistic way. Also, my own personal view on â€Å"art work† is that it represents not just the current situation or feelings of the artist rather it is as well a reflection of the artist himself. Personally speaking, â€Å"art work† will be more effective as a representation of a certain situation or feelings as a way to transmit a message if the piece is realistically done or composed. On the other hand, â€Å"Gustave Courbet† as an artist is the perfect model of a great â€Å"artist of realism†. With his unquestionable excellence of realism in all of his art works, the native French artist Gustave Courbet was considered to be the most influential realist artist, which had released major art works of realism that received large number of appraisal from both ancient and contemporary artist world wide. At present time it is considered that Gustave Courbet was consider as one of the major artist who had influence the artist through his art works and his profound views to realism. Moreover, one of the most fantastic work of art Gustave Courbet had composed is his representation of â€Å"The Desperate Man†. This painting of Gustave Courbet â€Å"The Desperate Man† was released way back 1844 – 45, which is no doubt wonderful work of art. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) My own personal thoughts on the painting â€Å"The Desperate Man† is that it is a representation of the artist himself Gustve Courbet. As and artist Gustave Courbet had been through a lot of difficulties and challenges before he had reach the success for his art work. My own personal thoughts about his painting â€Å"The Desperate Man† is that Gustave Courbet is experiencing desperation or dilemma in his personal life on the moment he was composing the painting. Furthermore, my thoughts on painting â€Å"The Desperate Man† is that the man in the painting is really in desperation in which he was willing to do anything satisfy or overcome his frustration. Also, my thoughts on the painting is a representation of a man who is having a serious dilemma in his life in which he is asking for some help to handle and overcome his desperation. On the other hand, my personal thoughts on the painting â€Å"The Desperate Man† by Gustave Courbet had vary by the time I saw the painting in real life. With the personal encounter on the painting my thoughts had changed in which I can see person in the painting as a man who was asking or begging for help. Moreover, when I personally saw the painting in real life my personal thought is that The Desperate Man† is a representation of a hopeless guy who tries to survive in his dilemma in which at the certain point the painting mirrors his shout for help to enlighten his dark situation. Also, my thoughts on the painting had changed when I saw the art work personally that I thought the man is verge losing hope to resolve his dilemma, which the painting represents the aspiration of the man to see light out of his dilemma. On the other hand, my personal analysis on the painting â€Å"The Desperate Man† is that Gustave Courbet as an artist represented a realistic situation of a desperate man in which painting definitely transmits the message of the current situation and feelings of the man. Furthermore, my personal analysis on the painting â€Å"The Desperate Man† is that it defines the profound perception or views of â€Å"Gustave Courbet† on realism. Works Cited The Metropolitan Museum of Art (2008), Gustave Courbet: Retrieved April 30, 2008 from http://www. metmuseum. org/special/gustave_courbet/more. asp

ICT Innovation in Accounting Education

ICT Innovation in Accounting Education The study of ICT Innovation in Accounting Education INTRODUCTION We live in the age of information and also needs to it for decision making. There are several fields that provide information such as Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Accounting. In this paper, we investigate ICT Innovation in Accounting Education that helps to prepare and present useful financial information to users. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Accounting Education ICT has created significant benefits for accounting. ICT networks and computer systems have shortened the lead time needed by accountants to prepare and present financial information to management and stakeholders. Not only ICT has shortened the lead time required to present financial information, but it also has improved the overall efficiency, accuracy of the information and training accounting for students.[1] ICT has created better opportunities to training accounting that help students in understand and also have shortened the lead time required to training. There are researchers that indicate profound impact ICT on training accounting such as: Bennett and Bennett (2003) that investigated the impacts of perceived characteristics of ICT on faculty members’ willingness to integrate it in their teaching. They found out that the most important factor which impedes the use of technology in higher education is not the lack of technological facilities or financial funds, but faculty members’ reluctance and their disbelief in the use of technology.[2] Medlin (2001) investigated different variables which are likely to affect teachers’ decisions on making use of electronic technologies throughout the teaching process. He indicated that the personal motivation is an important factor which forces faculty members to improve their teaching methods and contribute to the learning of students by technological means.[3] Ma, Andersson, and Streith (2005) studied the impact of ICT on training accounting and they found out that:[4] The student teachers’ perceived usefulness of computer technology had a direct significant effect on their intention to use it. The student teachers perceived ease of use had only an indirect significant effect on intention to use; however. The student teachers’ subjective norm that is the possible influence of external expectations did not have any direct or indirect significant effect on their intention to use computer technology. Li (2004) studied the relation between ICT and Education at China Agricultural University (CAU), in which he concluded that CAU faculty tended to agree with the existence of the five attributes of WBDE (relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trainability, and observability).[5] The researchers show independent variables that have impotent role in ICT such as relative advantage, compatibility, ease of use, result and demonstrability. Relative advantage Relative advantage is degree which an innovation is perceived as being better than the idea it supersedes. It is often expressed in terms of economic profitability, productivity, convenience, satisfaction and so on. Some researches have referred relative advantage of an innovation as its perceived usefulness, that is the degree to which the users subjective probability that using a specific system will enhance his or her productivity.[6] Compatibility Compatibility is degree to which an innovation is perceived as consistent with the existing values, past experiences and needs of potential adopters. Some researchers have stated that an innovation can be compatible or incompatible with cultural values, believably values, previously introduced ideas and client needs for the innovation.[7] Ease of use Ease of User is degree to which an innovation is perceived as relatively easy to understand and use. Researchers have observed that technology users perceive a technology as user-friendly if it is easy to learn, become skillful, flexible and is controllable.[8] The Web as an Innovation in Accounting Education In generally, innovation refers to the creation of better or more effective products, processes, technologies, ideas that affect companies, markets, goverments, indevuals and students. Innovation generally signifies a substantial change compared to entirely new or incremental changes. Innovation can use in varius contexts such as IT and Education.[9] The various researches have been provided that indicate profound impact ICT on student learning and also have showed role of innovation in ICT and Accounting Education. Some of these researches are: Khaled Dwhawy and †¦ (2005) investigated the use of IT in Teaching Accounting in Egypt. They have indicated that their acceptance of the new tools in training such as CD is highly dependent on the perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of the tool. They suggested that there is a need for more to be done to enhance understanding of teaching accounting in developing nations in general, especially through the use of information technology.[10] Pugalee and Robinson (1998) suggested that technology applications have been found to improve student’s motivation to learn and to expand their self-confidence. With specific reference to the Web, they suggested that the Internet can provide students with a learning environment that is compatible with the way they prefer to learn.[11] Lebeile.S and Abeysekera (2010) investigated The Spread of ICT Innovation in Accounting Education and they have tested various dimensions ICT Innovation in major university of Sydney with independent variables. Their results proved to be significant in relation to all four independent variables: relative advantage, compatibility, ease of use, result and demonstrability.[12] Objective of study An understanding of accounting concepts for students has depended to method of training. Usage IT in Accounting Education can help to it. Therefore, Objective of this study helps to Accounting Education on the base of ICT Innovation. Hypotheses of study The main hypothesis is that â€Å"The Innovation attributes of relative advantage, compatibility and ease of use will be associated with accounting student’s intention for future use of WEBLEARN for learning purpose.† This hypothesis divided to three Sub-hypotheses that investigate various dimensions ICT Innovation. Those are: Relative advantage (of ICT) is positively correlated with ICT adoption in WEBLEARN. Compatibility (of ICT) is positively correlated with ICT  Adoption in WEBLEARN. Ease of use (of ICT) is positively correlated with ICT  adoption in WEBLEARN. Methodology of the study Data of study gathered from an anonymous questionnaire administered to 30 students in an accounting unit at a major college in pune university, India at 2010. Then, we classify data on the base of relative advantage, compatibility, and ease of and after that we tested it in SAS software by using mean, standard division, T-test, Adjusted R2 and P-value. Analysis of resulting The result of research indicate that ICT Innovation have significant impact on training accounting to students. The use ICT can help students that learn concepts, assumption and standards of accounting to ease way and quickly. The WEBLEARN used by students is to be effectiveness as a learning tool for topic cost of goods soled for students. This paper indicates that students who used WEBLEARN have suitable comprehension about cost of goods soled than traditional tools. The qualitative data indicate mixed feelings regarding the Relative advantage, Compatibility and Ease of use as components of WEBLEARN for cost of goods soled. Many student comments relating to the Relative advantage, Compatibility and Ease of use were effectiveness in learning. The majority of students’ responses were highly positive. Table show that P-value less than a=.05 and also T-test more than 1.96. Hence statistical tests confirm result of study. Descriptive Statistics N=50 Conclusion and Suggestion of the study This study test impact of ICT Innovation on Accounting Education and find out that IT can play important role in training accounting and help students and lecturers until achieve to their objectives. Innovation in IT causes that trainings tools have profound impact on students. Future research could also investigate other applications of technology in educational. References   Bennett, J., Bennett, L, 2003, A review of factors that influence the diffusion of innovation when structuring a faculty training program. Internet and Higher Education. eHow.com/impact of ICT on accounting Lebeile.S and Abeysekera, 2010, The Spread of ICT Innovation in Accounting Education, International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, Volume.22, Number.2. Li, Y, 2004, Faculty Perceptions About Attributes and Barriers Impacting Diffusion of Web-Based Distance Education (WBDE) at the China Agricultural University, doctoral dissertation, Texas AM University, USA. Khaled Dwhawy, E. Tooma and S.Kamel, 2005, The use of IT in Teaching Accounting in Egypt, The American University in Cairo, Communications of the IIMA, Volume.5, Issue.3. Kotler, P, 1991, marketing management: analysis, planning implementation, and control. NJ: Prentice-Hall. Ma, W. 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A review of factors that influence the diffusion of innovation when structuring a faculty training program. Internet and Higher Education, 6, 53–63.   [3] Medlin, B. D. (2001). The Factors that May Influence a Faculty Members Decision to Adopt Electronic Technologies in Instruction, doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.   [4] Ma, W. W., Andersson, R., Streith, K-O. (2005). Examining user acceptance of computer technology: An empirical study of student teachers. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 21, 387–395.   [5] Li, Y. (2004). Faculty Perceptions About Attributes and Barriers Impacting Diffusion of Web-Based Distance Education (WBDE) at the China Agricultural University, doctoral dissertation, Texas AM University, USA.   [6] Kotler, P. (1991). Marketing management :analysis, planning implementation, and control. NJ: Prentice-Hall.   [7] Sentamu, F.X. (2001). Information technology, organizational culture and the performance of National Water and Sewerage Corporation. Unpublished master (of Business Adm.) dissertation, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.   [8] Rogers, E.M. (2003). The diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). NY: Free Press.   [9] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.mht   [10] Khaled Dwhawy, E. Tooma and S.Kamel, 2005, The use of IT in Teaching Accounting in Egypt, The American University in Cairo, Communications of the IIMA, Volume.5, Issue.3.   [11] Pugalee D.K and Robinson.R, 1998, Astudy of the impact of teacher training in using internet resource for mathematics and science instruction, Journal of Research on Computing in Education, Issue.31, Page.78-88.   [12] Lebeile. S and Abeysekera, 2010, The Spread of ICT Innovation in Accounting Education, International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, Volume.22, Number.2, Page. 158-168.