Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic management - Essay ExampleThus, it has be suffer assertive for airliners to re-engineer their operations to fit the requirements of strategies like humiliated-cost and differentiation. According to the Porters five forces model, the manufacturing situation has led to a decline in the attracter of the industry for new entrants. These new entrants would come up with some sort of an edge to beat the entrenched airlines of the industry. The industry is also overseeing a period in which the bargaining power of suppliers and customers both are high. Customers are demanding additional benefits at low cost, whereas suppliers like Oil companies are seeking high prices for fuel. The dynamics of the industry are such that the rivalry amongst competitors is high. Since the customer base has shrink as a result of the world recession, therefore airlines are competing to attract customers towards them by offer differentiated services. Moreover, recent investment by the government on the infrastructure of railways and road network has lead to a situation in which threat of backup man is high for this industry. The results of these two strategic analysis tools show that the airline industry is overseeing a period of unprecedented level of competition and operating environment. Therefore, each airliner take to come up with operational excellence that allows it to run low cost operations, which has become imperative for the industry participants. How the Airlines are maintaining low cost operations Airlines, which bring adopted a low cost operational mode, imbibe been very stringent when it comes to spending their resources. They have expanded their operations in to new regions moreover when they were confident that they had the resource to support this initiative. These carriers never go into a head-to-head battle with long distance carriers. Moreover, these airlines try to keep their debt position very steadfast by not taking too much debt to fund their fle et operations. These airlines have designed an operational method that allows them to be short haul, high frequency, and low fare and point-point carriers. In addition, these air carriers have identified a market niche that is a best fit to their style of operations, which enables these airlines to serve them efficiently and economically. some importantly, these airlines have ripped forth the costs associated with extravagant customer servicing. Such costs are associated with frills, lunch and ticketing material. All such costs have been taken away from the operations of these airlines. Conclusion Harsh economic conditions coupled by rising cost of fuel have made it imperative upon airlines to streamline their operations. Airlines have to come up with a cost structure that is effective and efficient. This cost structure should be incorporated in the operational design of these airlines so that the airline finish generate profits from its operations. In this regards many airlines have adopted a low cost strategy under which they have taken certain actions that have been discussed above. Strategic Evaluation of the Strategic Options for Future Growth for the EAI Companies Recent economic crisis have led airliners in a messy situation. These airliners are now veneer a situation in which they have revenues declining at an exponential rate. Moreover,

Vancouver Olympic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vancouver Olympic - Essay ExampleAccording to Participation arranging, the urban center accepted to be the host city and proceeded with the bid (Larry, conservation of parity 1-2).In December 1998, the Canadian Olympic Committee approved the Vancouver bid and agreed upon its standard Canada in the international bidding competition to host the 2010 Olympic Games. The Bid city Agreement was signed by the City, the COA and the bid group. The Bid City Agreement allowed the City to present its bid before the International Olympic Committee and established some roles and the responsibilities for all the parties in presenting the Bid. It also included intellectual berth matters like copyright and trademarks, expenses, marketing, community consultation, the signing of the IOC Host City Agreement and operation of the Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. The conditions of the Bid City Agreement need the City to work with the COC just to make sure that all features of the bid are c overed and they are in compliance with the provisions of the Olympic Charter (Larry, mirror symmetry 3).Initial Cost of Vancouvers Bid The budget of the Bid Corporation for this bid was Can$34 million and of this total amount the Province of British Colu... humankind corporation contributed 54 percent of the bid and private companies offered 46 percent of the funding.Contributing Factors Hosting the Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler will affect the economy of the Province of British Columbia. Positive outcomes have been understood more important than the negatives for hosting the games. This point of view became very helpful for BC economy of the period around 2002 when the Canadian sawbuck was weaker than the American Dollar. The time when Vancouver was selected as host city it was considered as capable as boosting the economy and increasing the tourism. Since then the Canadian Dollar has become stronger than American Dollar and tourism is expected to be lower as it will be ver y costly to come to Canada and spend in Canadian Dollars (Jay and Adam, Para 2).Motivation The BC Government has created a favorable opinion of the games in the public eye. The government has guaranteed an economic boom following the games. It is expected that provincial crop will be approximately in between 0.9 and 1.2% per year from 2005 to 2011 (Derek, 2005, Para 1). Announcements have been made regarding the budget of the games and about its expected overall profit. It also has been claimed that in that respect will be approximately 5600 new full time jobs, which will be created directly by the Games. The problem with the claims is that the government has speculated that Vancouver and Whistler areas would not be visited by the tourists if there were no Olympics and the jobs which are created by the Games would not be filled up by the workers and there would be unemployment, which seems to be wrong because there would certainly be large number of tourists and the unemployment rate in Vancouver area is one of the lowest in the

The Elements of Drama Essay Example for Free

The Elements of Drama EssayI am now going to talk active our hang on of drama. We have being themeing the topic anorexia for a couple of weeks now.In this piece of drama we have looked at and developed ideas and done some study about Nervous Conditions. In this extract a teenage girl has been living in England for a good amount of time and when she comes back to Africa she is purpose it very difficult to adapt back to the life she had back in England. We decided to develop some of ideas based on the fact that we atomic number 18 working(a) with population in Africa now. So the idea we have done is when the girl has come back to Africa and wont eat anything. She is becoming anorexic because in England the people eat and dieted differently. So when she returns back to Africa she has developed this idea that she cant eat anything because she is putting on too much weight. As she has this idea stuck in her head, it begins to advert the rest of the family by making the father very angry at her mood swings and this leads into a massive pedigree.In our development we used the recitalline from our cusp and developed it much more. We started by using the storyline that Nyasha (Lily) comes home and wont eat any food and begins to lie about what she dies with her lunch money. It all starts to stop off when the family is sitting raze and enjoying their dinners and Nyasha (Lily) comes into the room. The father (me) asks her to eat her dinner because she just sites there and acts as though she doesnt care. So the father (me) has a little go at her and her mother (Polly) tries to defend her. Then the brother (Umar) starts to back up his father by saying that she never eats at lunch. We done this so it shows that the brother and sister have not had such a decent relationship because he always tries to get his sister in trouble. We tried to hold in this piece as realistic as possible by showing the everyday relationship that some families have to put up with. Then this argument over Nyasha (Lily) not feeding starts to carry on to our next scene. The next scene is when the mother (Polly) is cleaning up the dishes and has a little approximation about what is going on with her daughter and hopes that she will pull her act together. Then we switched straight away to the father (me) in bed and has his own little thought about how angry he is with the whole situation and approaches the incident with a different matter. He decides to show no sympathy (unlike the mother (Polly)) and come down hard on his daughter. I think this is very well followed through and it is realistic how we put the scenes together.Then our next scene follows through to the next break of the day when the children are about to leave for school. Nyasha (Lily) refuses to have breakfast and decides to act hardcore by bringing in that English attitude by giving organisation back to her father (me). He is having none of this and decides to lay the line down. There is then a massive argument about how Nyasha (Lily) should respect her father (Me). We make this very realistic and tried to make it as violent as we possible could to show our audience that people have to put up with this in real life, not just in theater. So Nyasha decides to take her breakfast and eat it on the way to school.We show a different way of how our story is told because we tell it as we go along. We dont have a narrator because it would be to complicate so we made it easy to follow for our audience. We used monologues to show what our characters are thinking about. This gives a great deal of information to what will happen next. I.e. when the father is having is monologue about how he is going to approach the not eating situation showed it to the audience as to what he was going to do.

War in Iraq on the US economy Essay Example for Free

War in Iraq on the US economy EssayThe united States minding the business of Iraq has been classified as a good deed by some people especially the people of Kuwait. Here Iraq invaded Kuwait to annex it as ace of its provinces under the leaders of Iraqs Saddam Hussein. However, some quarters feel that this is an invasion into the private affairs of Iraq. One article called the united States under George Bush as the Pentagon Zionists. They both(prenominal) claim that the uninvited meddling of the internal affairs of Iraq has precipitated into weakening of the United States Economy as well as the an early(a)(prenominal) countries that have aided them in the war against Iraq. The weakening of the economy has been characterized as the skyrocketing world oil prices caused by the war on Iraq. Likewise, the war in Iraq has been characterized by too much specie funneled out of the United States economy and into the war in Iraq. For, it costs money to buy the war planes, war boats, w ar ammunitions, the hiring of soldiers to go into Iraq and other military operating(a) expenses (Petras, 2005) . Likewise, the United States war on Iraq has similar characteristics with the war it has fought in the prior years such as the Korean War, the Civil War, World War I and World War II.Meaning, the United States entry into the warpath shows how a well oiled war machine and ideology based coherent and monetarily blessed few with their super placed call iners in the highest policy making organizations of the state can bend official goernment policy to favor the needs of the foreign power over and against recognized economic interests (Ibid). Further, the oppositionists to the United States meddling insists that the generalized invasion of Iraq by the American Zionists against an Arab State and its citizens.The reason for the Iraq Invasion was because the United States wanted to help the Jews of Israel to detonate their borders well inside the Palestinian state. For, in tha t respect is an open agreement between the United States and Israel to push their Zionist influence well into Arab territories. This was code named A center(a) East Common Market plan. This was the basic formula adopted for a permanent war in the Middle East. The oppositionists believe that the Zionist want to enclose their philosophy of free market and democracy.This formula was thought to be heartily embraced by both the liberal and the conservative politicians in the United States at that placeby depriving the Iraqi people their right to basic democratic rights as well as their own domestic markets(Ibid). Introductorily, some quarters believe that the United States continues to increase their perfunctory losses from money and casualties together with their coalition partner countries with their continued involvement in the Iraq territorys internal affairs.Some quarters believe that some of the war partners of the United States have already gone home to their own countries le aving the United States and its closest friends behind in Iraq. For the enemies of the United States believe that there are a few Zionists running the government and influencing it to wage war against Iraq. Some quarters believe that the continued presence of the American Forces in Iraq is one of the major forces that caused the devaluation of the United States dollar.Consequently, many of the people inside and outside the United States wants to put an end to the Iraq war by rallying being their message to the United States government to bring back home their sons, fathers, brothers, cousins, neighbors, friends and the like from the war torn district of Iraq. For, many members of the United States military feel that of the disillusionment that the war on Iraq has brought to the soldiers of the United States and their assort from a couple of countries as well as the civilian populations in those countries.The most vocal of which is France who staunchly rallied behind a no invasion o f Iraq policy in the United Nations. The few people in the United States government were so good at selling their plan to get out military troops into Iraq (Ibid). In terms of macroeconomics, the United States admittedly suffered large casualties in Iraq and the war debt generated by the United States from their uninvited adventures into Iraq has been growing by an mediocre amount of billions of United States dollars per day.Some quarters believe that the few Zionist people in the United States government were instrumental enough to poison the other members of the government to almost cut their ambassadorial relationship with France and the other European nations that were steadfast in their decision not to interfere with the internal affairs of Iraq. Economically, the of import purpose of the United States trespassing into Iraqs territorial jurisdiction was to ensure that the United States would control the privatization as well as the denationalization of the Iraq oil industry. other goal of the United States invasion of Iraq and the removal from power of Saddam Hussein was to decapitate the current European benefits that came from the reconstruction of Iraq not to mention the United States plans to break down Israel an added advantage in the Middle East. Indeed, the United States open stand that it wants to control the world has its consequence of continuous invasions into other countries to expand its empire.Many military think tanks believe that the United States did not take into account the large scale destruction of the assets located in Iraq by peppering some historic buildings with guided missiles and other explosive materials. Likewise, the cost of starting and affirming a war needs lots of money. This causes the United States money to literally bleed. In addition, the Unites States gives out one of its famous lines that in order to maintain a living space, the maintenance of the controlling presence of the soldiers, politicians and ideological ly biased individuals or groups.For, the United States Zionists believe that in order to maintain a peaceful environment to live in, the United States must literary have absolute supreme sovereignty and control. The purpose of this paper is to show that the United States decision to pierce the veil of privacy of Iraq by uninvitingly pushing the aircraft missiles button was because the United States felt that it had a right to control the oil fields of Iraq. Meaning, there was already a harmonious relationship between United States multinationals in the Petroleum industry and the oil companies in Iraq before the war.Thus, the United States and its few allies ventured into Iraq without thinking beforehand of the large amounts of cash outflows involved in a long protracted war between the United States and Iraq. Also, the attack of Iraq was fueled the intellect zero event where many people died. The ground zero event in New York represents people who died when three commercial airplan es were hijacked and rammed into the White house and the geminate towers were brought down to ground zero level (rubble).

Media Representation Of Elderly And Young Offenders

Media Representation Of Elderly And Young OffendersThe radical presents a fundamental chapter in the dissertation by examining the place that media word picture of offensive plays within party. It addresses the question by firstly introducing the contacts surrounded by the media and abhorrence. The paper addresses terce core issues on the impact of media portrayal of crime, firstly the impact on human behaviour, arcminutely the impact on generating a idolize of crime and thirdly the role in generating moral panics. This chapter sets the paper up for further consideration of how the media represents youth offend differently and then subsequently fourth-year pique. The next half of the paper go out turn to admit with the latter two issues and will present a last(a) conclusion with a redrafted introduction setting out the overall aims and goals of each chapter.Youth offending elderly offending fork devils victims media depiction crime.The differences in the media rep resentation of elderly offenders opposed to four-year-old offenders?Table of ContentsAbstract 4Chapter One insane asylum 5Chapter Two The Relationship surrounded by curse and the Media2.0 Introduction2.1 Media Depiction of Crime and Human Behaviour2.2 The impact of flagitious images and deviance on fear of crime2.3 The role of the media in moral panics2.4 ConclusionAbstractThis dissertation explores the differences in how elderly offenders argon represented in the media in comparison to youngish offenders. The dissertation highlights the differential approach adopted by the media in portraying elderly offenders to how they represent young offenders. The thesis firstly considers the role media plays in coverage crime by considering the relationship between crime and media. The thesis then progresses to consider youth offending and elderly offending in separate chapters. The final chapter weaves conclusions on whether on that point be differences and considers the rationales for a distinction between a young offender and elderly offender in news inform. Additionally, consideration is too given to the myth of victims always being elderly and whether this plays any(prenominal) role in the media depiction of elderly crime.Chapter One IntroductionThe central aim of the thesis is to explore the differences between how elderly offenders are represented in the media as opposed to young offenders. The key underlying objective is to firstly highlight if in that respect is a distinction and then secondly to go to question the basis for a distinction between the representation of young offenders and elderly offenders in the media.The thesis will begin in chapter two by considering the relationship between crime and the media. This chapter will provide the back install context to discussing youth offending and elderly offending depiction in the media. In particular, chapter two provides an insight into three aspects on how media inform on crime can impact and influence society. The chapter itemally center ones on the impact of the media depiction of crime in three ways, firstly by examining the impact on human behaviour, secondly on the impact of flagitious images and deviance on the fear of crime and thirdly on the role of the media in moral panics. The conclusion that can be drawn from chapter two is that the mint media selects the reporting of crime in a way that sensationalises crime by creating sound bite headlines directly designed to target the popular earth for sales. From the eye offer of human behaviour, fear of crime and moral panics, the media play a fundamental role in representing crime to the masses. The public is susceptible to media messages in a passive voice context which directly influences the public perception of particular crimes account. The interconnection between integrity and order media depiction and politics is strongly linked from the mid-seventies when accompanying governments have used the med ia representations of crime to facilitate policy swings and shifts to target crime control.The third chapter investigates the way in which the media represents youth offending. The first half of the chapter in general focuses on establishing the specific ways in which the media represent youth offending. In particular, reference is drawn to the impact of core malefactor acts which have involved young adults and children. The second half of the chapter will investigate the role of media in demonising children in the aftermath of the Jamie Bulger case.The fourth chapter investigates the way in which the media represents elderly offending and in particular focuses on the myth of the sensed stereotype of elderly people as being the victim and never the offender. The second half of the chapter deals directly with how the elderly are reported in the media and draws upon the literature to identify the rationales for how elderly crimes are represented in the media.The final chapter draw s together the previous and presents a conclusion firstly on whether there is a distinction between the media depiction of youth offending in direct comparison to elderly offending. The bigger question this chapter presents is whether there are any rationales for the distinction between the reporting of youth offending and elderly offending. This question is answered by examining what the impact has been from the distinction between the media depiction on youth offending and elderly offending. This is examined by dealing with how youth offenders are dealt with in comparison to elderly offenders in the criminal justice system.Chapter Two The Relationship between Crime and the Media2.0 IntroductionIt is argued by Dowler et al (2006) that the most significant and potentially illuminating area of criminological inquiry is the analysis of crime, media and popular culture. (Dowler et al 2006 837). The relationship between crime and the media becomes intertwined with a number of discipline s including criminology, psychology, sociology, cultural and media studies. (Carrabine 2008 2). Initially, academic studies have focused on cinema, radio and telly before moving to focus on snap gaming and music videos until currently focusing on new advancing technologies such as the internet. The advancing technologies over the away five decades have lead to a radical transformation in the way media is reported and in particular, the way information on crime is accessed by the general public. In the raise of the internet, information is readily available to the public on a global scale. The accessibility of vast tracks of information has been fundamental in influencing public perception on issues of politics, crime and contemporary issues. The public perception of crime is heavily influenced by the way in which they are exposed to various forms of media including television, film, video and the internet. (Ibid). The advancement of engineering science has undoubtedly invoked an information age with a desire to be informed of reports and information. Media arguable occupies a dominant role becoming a central knowledgeability of modern life which increasingly centres on television and in much(prenominal) recent times the internet. (Garland 2001 85). It is argued by Wykes (2001) that a major concern intimately media reporting on crime centres on the way in which the media can select to report a crime. Although the media is not the cause of crime, it is the way they can choose to hyperbolize and sensualise crime which creates and invokes emotions among the public of frustration, anger and fear. (Gerbner 1995 547-550).Media portrayals of crime and strength have become part of everyday life. (Kidd-Hewitt 1995 1). It is important to point out that crime manifests itself in many different forms of media. It is ever present in film genres, television shows and gaming genres which have become an socialise aspect of modern life. Many film productions from the 1920s have used crime plots to entertain the masses, similarly, books have used crime plots to the same extent. Increasingly television production has used reality television shows and soap operas to highlight criminal themes. Crime is central to the production of news in society and is considered newsworthy being produced as informative but plays an entertaining role. (Dowler 2004 574, Fleming 1983). Although crime is considered newsworthy it is the way that the mass media can present its stories on crime that can become the focus of criminological inquiry. Headline news in the mass media in both the digital and print forms scream for our attention. (Jewkes 2008 3). Editors and journalists design these headlines to grab our attention by shocking, f chastiseening and most of all entertaining our senses. It is an solicitation to occupy the mainstream space for public attention. However, the focus of this chapter is on the mass media obsession with reporting crime and whether thi s reporting has become harmful. The first half of this paper will concentrate on dealing with the impact media depiction of crime can have in influencing and impacting society. The second half of this chapter will progress to deal with the specific role media plays in generating a sense of fear of crime in a society which has been played out in the mass media over the past six decades.The investigation of the ways in which the press and mass media report crime is firmly an established field within criminology. (Carrabine (2008) 2). A study conducted by Reiner (2007) highlights that after an extensive review of media content he put that the press and broadcast media concentrated their reporting of crime on two particular categories of crime, cherry-red crime and sex crime. (Reiner 2007 303-15). Reiners study identified that a pattern of news reporting is identifiable in the press and broadcast media which overwhelmingly focuses on tough and sexual crimes. A further study conducted earlier by Williams and Dickson (1993) found that 65 per cent of reported news media dealt with savage crimes where individuals were affected. (Williams and Dickinson (1993) 40). It is important to note that Williams and Dickinson (1993) pass through with(predicate) referenced their study of the reported news against the British Crime Survey (Mayhew 1989) which identified that only 6% of crime involved violence. Williams and Dickinsons study highlights an imbalance between actual crime and the reported crime within the mass media in favour of cutthroat crime. It is important to note that other studies have also been conducted which has found similar patterns of publication within the content of press and broadcast media. For example, in Smith (1984) a survey of topical anaesthetic papers reporting on crime against actual crime in the area found a similar imbalance towards the media reporting primarily crimes of robbery and assault. (Smith 1984 290). Smith found that whilst as sault and robbery only represented 6 per cent of crime in Birmingham, it occupied a 52.7 per cent of space devoted to crime reporting in the local press. A further study of Scottish papers found that the Scottish media dedicated 45.8 per cent of printing space to cutthroat crimes and sexual crimes but when violent crime and sexual crimes are combined they only represented 2.4 per cent of actual crime in Scotland. (Ditton and Duffy (1983) 164). These studies represent an indication of how crime is reported in the press both at a national and a regional level during the 1980s and early 1990s. It is arguable on the basis of these studies newspapers may be selective in the types of crimes it seeks to publish with a heavy tendency towards crimes that are either violent or sexual in nature. Even though these crimes are arguably not representative of the criminal picture of crime committed, news media selects news that will sell papers by playing to the senses of the general public in ge nerating sensational headlines. However, it should be noted that these studies can be criticised as being too narrow by comparing actual crime rank with news reported crimes rates. It is argued by Ericson (1991) that the actual crimes rates and statistics do not represent the reality of crime in practice as many crimes go unreported. (Ericison (1991) 220). In particular Ericison argues that the statistics produced by the police are primarily for their organisational management and cannot be reliably used to compare media reporting. (Ibid) It can be counter-argued that whilst the studies may be imperfect from the perspective of verifiable data, they do go somewhat to comparing the popularity of crime within the headlines against the proportion of reported crime. It facilitates a snap shot in time of how media report crimes albeit imperfect. Initially, therefore it can be argued that a core problem inherent within news, media and crime reporting is a tendency on the part of the mass media to focus on news or crime that will sell their papers and stories that will intrigue readers. The wider effects of this type of reporting will be discussed below in greater detail.The principal architects within criminology on the study of news reporting were Stanley Cohen and Jack Young blend. (Cohen and Young (1973)). Their work proposed two polarised views of news reporting traditions. Firstly their work proposes a Mass Manipulative Model which argues that the public is passive receptors of information and messages waiting to be influenced by the news media. (Ibid 10). This model proposes that the media is the all-powerful influence on society that serves to reinforce dominant views. (Carrabine (2008) 3). Secondly, this model is contrasted with a Commercial Laissez-Faire model which takes a more than varied approach and is viewed as being less manipulative of public perception but rather is seen to further a diversity of opinions. (Cohen and Young (1973) 11). The commonal ities within Cohen and Youngs work and the vast array of subsequent literature on media and crime are the focus on the assumption that media reporting may be potentially damaging or detrimental to society. There are three main areas of research interest within the literature on the effects of media reporting on society. (Greer 2010 379). Firstly the effects of media violence on human behaviour, the impact of media images of crime and deviance on fear of crime, and the role of the media in the production of moral panics. (Ibid).The concerns about media reporting influencing and impacting society detrimentally have developed in the literature along two lines. Firstly, research occupies a traditional right view that media reporting and representation of crime influences society by the way it glamorises crime through television programming, film genres, printed and digital press, music and gaming mediums. The focus of the traditional right view is on the message delivered through the me dia to society and how that message, in turn, is interpreted. In particular, the traditional right concern is centred upon the message being delivered and the likelihood that recipients will ask in violent or criminal behaviour. Secondly, research literature also occupies a left approach. The left approach concentrates concern on the media images of crime and violence which increases the fear of crime within the general public. If media depiction of crime results in a society which is more fearful it will legitimise the states role in creating new legal frameworks designed to tackle and deal with the law and order issues. Altheide (2009) argues that the media regularly uses its reporting on law and order to invoke moral panics amongst the general public. (Altheide (2009) 79). Moral panics are intense media fuelled bursts of collective concern or outrage directed against particular fork devils. (Ibid). In particular moral panics occur when the media dapple particular issues which g ive rise to national concerns which require swift action by the government to implement a policy to counter-act the concern.This chapter will divide into three sections, the first section will discuss the impact of the media depiction of crime upon human behaviour, secondly the impact of the images of crime and deviances upon the fear of crime and thirdly the role of media in creating and generating moral panics.2.1 Media Depiction of Crime and Human BehaviourThere have been a number of studies conducted to consider the impact of crime depiction within the media over the past five decades. A study conducted by Bandura et al (1963) considered the impact of portraying violent and aggressive films. (Bandura et al (1963) 3-4). The study focused on determining whether objects who are subjected to the depiction of aggression would after watching the film re-enact the aggression from the film or at least be influenced by the aggression. The authors conducted a scientific experiment to inve stigate whether children who were subjected to aggressive filmed cartoon scenes would display aggressive tendencies after watching their film. The results of the study allowed the authors to conclude that there was strong distinguish to suggest that exposure to filmed aggression heightened aggressive reactions in the children under the experiment. The study demonstrated that those children who were subjected to the filmed aggressive behaviour exhibited twice as much aggression in the aftermath of the watching the short cartoon as those children who were not subjected to aggression. (Ibid 9). Additionally, the study found that not only were the children who were subjected to the aggressive cartoons displayed aggression subsequently but those same children were influenced by the type of aggression. (Ibid). The authors selected children as the objects of their experiment as they believed that children represented the most passive receptors for their film which would provide a fertile ground for their experiment. However, it is important to note that many academics have criticised the approach employed by Bandura et al (1963) in the way they conducted their experiment. Many critiques question the methodological and theoretical severity of the study with particular concern in linking the effects of aggression on children to adults. (Gauntlett (2001) 47-49). Although much criticism can be levelled against the study, it does however demonstrate that people are capable of being passive receptors of media messages and within this passive state they can potentially become susceptible to media influence.Despite considerable criticism in the literature on the methodological and theoretical limitations of by trial and error assessing the connections between media effects and actions, there remains an insistence on a link between media consumption and criminal behaviour. (Borden (1975), Browne and Pennell (1998), Gauntlett and Hill (1999)). For example in the aftermath of the murder of Jamie Bulger by two ten-year-old boys in 1993 films such as Childs Play III and other violent video games were identified as being the cause for influencing young adults in acting out violent intentions. (Barker (2001)). Although no connection can empirically be made in the Jamie Bulger case to explain why two ten-year-old children would exhibit such violent tendencies. Similarly in Columbine in 1999 when two teenagers shot 12 classmates and one teacher, and further injuring 21 others, the music of Marilyn Manson, the film The Basketball Diaries and violent video games were all identified by various media sources as add to the cause of such a massacre. (Muzzatti (2003)). Additionally, when a spate of black killings emerged in Birmingham in the 2002/2003 the Home Secretary, David Blunkett, firmed blamed the media for creating a culture of killing as a fashion accessory. (Mueller (2003)). Although logically it may be inferred that increasing violence in films, televi sion and computer games all may contribute to invoking violence tendencies to those who watch them and in particular children and young adults may be more susceptible to the message of violence than adults. However, it should be noted that no connection be made empirically due to the difficult nature of investigating such a connection between crime depiction and criminal behaviour. Nonetheless, in a time of translation such as the Jamie Bulger case, the Columbine massacre and other instances crying out for the explanation, many pointtowards the influence of media messages invoking violence.It is demonstrated by Barker and Petley (2001) that it is possible to sizable research on media violence and audiences if it is conducted in accordance with rigorous concepts, theories and methods. (Barker and Petley (2001)). It is interesting to note that Barker and Petley consider that by simply trying to count violent scenes/acts or conduct and then to measure them against an effect on an aud ience purely within a decimal framework is setting the experiment up to fail. (Ibid 5-10). The authors argue that a more coherent approach is to explore the meaning that different forms of media violence may hold for different audiences in different contexts. (Greer 2010 403-404). The authors draw upon other qualitative works and attempt to explore the meanings that different forms of media violence may hold for different audiences. The net effect of Barker and Petleys work is that it demonstrates the surmise of exploring how media may effect different audiences in different ways. Although it is not empirically legitimate in that it inferences meanings from other empirical works, it goes somewhat to explaining the connections between human behaviour and media depiction of crime.2.2 The impact of criminal images and deviance on fear of crimeIt is demonstrated by Ditton et al that there have been at least 73 attempts to establish a connection between media consumption and fear of cr ime with only 23 per cent of studies finding a positive relationship and 73 per cent fail to make any connections. (Ditton et al 2004 595-598). Ditton et al argue that one reason why the connections between media consumption and fear of crime may not be found in the studies more frequently is that much of the pre-existing studies do not approach the question from a methodologically adapted approach. (Ibid). All the studies ask the correct the question, whether there is a connection to be made between media consumption and fear of crime, but they fall down on the methods employed to arrive at the answer. The authors in their work approach the question by attempting to overcome the identified methodological weaknesses of previous studies by employing a commixture of quantitative and qualitative approaches in the exploration of media consumption and fear of crime. Ditton et als work firstly demonstrates that much of the existing literature on establishing a connection between media c onsumption and fear of crime uses only quantitative approaches to validate their results, to which the authors refer to as amateurish. (ibid 595). The authors argue that in order to make fuller more substantiated connections between media consumption and fear of crime quantitative and qualitative research approaches are necessary to engage adequately with media reception and influence. They use qualitative approaches including, interviews and focus groups to explore fully how the media consumers can be influenced by media messages. Their study concludes that there is some fear of crime by media consumers who are subjected to violent crimes through the media depiction of crime. (Ibid 606-607). Interestingly their study concludes that the fear associated with the media depiction of crime does not result from the localness of the report or the sensationalist headlines but rather the individuals interpretation of the media content. (Ibid).The importance of the Ditton et al study highlig hts that individuals who are exposed to the media depictions of crime can and do evidence levels of fear of crime as a result of that exposure. It also highlights that by employing quantitative and qualitative research approaches it is possible to demonstrate that individuals fear of crime is primarily located within their interpretation of the media story.Another important aspect of the impact of criminal images and deviance invoking fear of crime is Cavenders (2004) work on applying David Garlands culture of control theory. (Cavender (2004) 335). Cavender argues that by applying Garlands theories on the shifting of criminal policies over the past century to the breeding of media studies can provide further support for Garland theories. (Ibid). The author argues that in the 1970s the public perception both in the USA and the UK was centred upon the belief that society in general was becoming more risky which were grounded in the reports of rising crime rates, political manipulatio n of the media and media representations of crime. (Ibid 336). The argument being made by Cavender is that during the 1970s media representations in addition to political representations of a rising tide of crime required swift action plans by the government. The various governments from the 1970s used the media representations of crime as the basis to develop their policies for election and implementation to manage and control crime. Various political parties used these media representations of criminal activity to present solutions to deal with law and order issues. Cavender points to the 1970s in line with Garland as the turning point for public fear of crime which allowed successive governments to employ varied strategies which were perceived as effective at managing crime. (Ibid 337). Goode (1989) identifies that the media depiction of crime in the 1980s focused on the drugs problems which later precipitated into policies which were designed to deal with the war on drugs. (Good e (1989)). By employing Cavenders hypothesis it possible to argue that the media depictions of criminal activity in 1970s invoked a fear of crime particularly focusing on both young and adult offenders. The 1980s media depiction of crime represented a fear of drugs and spotlighted the need for tougher laws on dealing with the specific issues surrounding drugs wars. The 1990s can be characterised by a focus on youth crime and serious offending.Cavenders work demonstrates somewhat the impact media depiction can have upon crime and in particular, it can facilitate the use of draconian policies which are perceived to be effective at dealing with crime. Additionally, Ditton et al highlight that media depiction does contribute towards a general perception that crime in the media can contribute towards a fear of crime with drastic effects upon society both in name of a risky perception and secondly upon the laws governments may enact to counter-act the risk perception. Each decade since t he 1970s has focused policy on tackling particular crimes which the media has spotlighted through its depiction of crime.2.3 The role of the media in moral panicsA moral panic is an intense burst of public outcry at particular issues which are primarily media fuelled. Essentially the issue under a moral panic invokes a public outcry which is perceived to be a threat to societal value and interests. (Cohen (2002) 1-6).

Trying Out Life Without A Television English Language Essay

Trying Out Life With issue A Television English Language assayThe Adult Literacy Survey recently concluded that watching more than two hours of TV a day is harmful and holds children back.So what would happen if there were no television sets? No sport, no American Idol, no Days of Our Lives, no National Geographic, no BET, MTV or, (gulp) Spongebob?To find out, triple of our reporters volunteered to turn the box off for a work workweek. How did they cope, what did they do instead and did one of them really end up sewing a hem on a pair of trousers like one of the Ingalls girls on dinky House on the Prairie?In our special feature, we also drop in on a family of two parents and six children who havent had a TV in the residence for six months. The kids say its been torture but mom and dad say the children have come alive since its been gone.We also took to the streets to find out how much era islanders spend in front of the TV.Like most things, at the end of the day its a move of balance. Do you have it right?I was in denial about TV?habitBy James WhittakerThe hip hop group Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy once described television as the do drugs of the nation.But Id always considered myself as more of a casual user than an addict. Sure I was not immune to the hypnotic pull of the tube, but as far as I was concerned it was under control.Asked how much I watched a week, Id probably say five or six hours, if that. More, I suppose, if you count sports. Movies count too? Okay, maybe a few hours more. What about documentaries, surely thats just interactive learning? No? A couple more hours consequently.In the words of George W. Bush, I guess I mis-underestimated myself.When I actually added up the number of hours Id sat watching TV the previous week it was more than iterate what I thought it would be.I was well inside the two-hours-a-night category that the Bermuda Adult Literacy Survey classifies as the danger zone.A fair portion of that judgment of convicti on was pass flicking between channels look for something decent. Another chunk was spent criticizing the banality of what American mainstream channels consider comedy (somehow it never occurred to me to flick the off switch).And then the rest was spent on what I considered more worthy televisual pursuits like the English Premier League or David Attenboroughs Planet Earth.I still association by the belief that television and literacy are not mutually exclusive. But when asked to recall a useful lesson Id learnt from TV, Dont mess with lions or sharks was about the best I could come up with.Worse still was the realization that a possibly vital part of my brains storage system would forever be assigned elaborate about a nasty scant(p) growth hormone called Relacor which means unsightly belly fat is not my fault. The subliminal power of advertising had its meat hooks firmly in.Clearly, it was date for a change.The best way I found to curb the cravings during my week of abstinence was to stay out of the house. I went to a spang concert on the Monday night, played in a squash tournament on two separate nights, went for the odd run and genuinely didnt leave off television all that much.When I was home I had the benefit of a couple of good books and an online chess game to satisfy my entertainment demands.With no default selection, the question of what shall we do tonight? was always a challenge, but the answer was invariably more interesting than MTV.With the experiment over, I still watch my fair partake in of television. Id probably have to remove it from the house to avoid it completely. But Im at least a little more conscious not to watch, just because it is there. by chance next time someone asks how much I watch Ill be able to say five or six hours a week and it might even be the truth.I hand-wrote a letter and did some sewingBy Sirkka HuishThink about all those important jobs you never contract around to doing. Well, theres a way to get them crosse d off the list and even enjoy the process give up TV for a week.Its a simple way to find more hours in the day, but you might find yourself doing some bizarre things.Typically, I get home from work and cool out in front of the box for a couple of hours.Now I faced going cold turkey for seven days 168 hours all told of a sudden I had to fill my time with more meaningful activities I was forced to get the creative juices flowing.The key to getting through the week was staying busy and pretending I wasnt really missing Wife Swap, Survivor, Greys Anatomy and Ugly Betty or that I didnt mind being clueless about the up-to-the-minute American Idol audition or Oprah special.How did I spend my time? I read and went to the gym and spent a lot longer than familiar slaving over a hot stove.A friend in the U.K. will get the surprise of her life when my hand-scribbled letter arrives on her doormat.I also came over all domesticated. Im proud to say my bathroom is now spotless and my fridge w as given a good clean out.I even found time for a bit of sewing. Yes, I amazed even myself by sewing up the hem on a pair of trousers.To avoid temptation I also arranged a few nights out, but I was limited to where I could go. There was no way my boyfriend would give up TV even for a day, let alone a week, so I had to avoid his house. And almost every pub now has a widescreen TV looking back at you.Surprisingly, going without TV got easier as the week progressed.Im not a huge TV watcher anyway but I did miss my daily dose of news. I felt a bit lost without my window into the world. It brought home the fact that Im stuck on an island in the middle of the Atlantic.However, breaking degage of the grip of TV wasnt a life-changing experience and I cant say I felt liberated. Neither did I find myself indulging in a healthy dose of outdoor activity.It was a valuable experience, though, as I was a lot more productive. I turned on life rather than the TV and stopped vegging-out in front of B-list celebrities, B-movies and bad plot lines.But I wont be throwing out the telly just yet. My TV isnt evil, it doesnt fall in my life, I just like it to have it around. Im not an addict. I would like to catch up with American Idol after missing two episodes, thoughThe bliss of longer soaks in the tubBy Don BurgessGiving up a week of TV left me hiding out in the bathtub and spending less time with my married woman.It wasnt a good week to go on the no-TV diet. My house was full of people and we had relatives sleeping on the pullout sofa in the living room. We have an open plan house so the dining room and living room are connected.Also, my wife was sick for much of the week laid-up in bed with the TV on. And the weather was too bad for playing sports most days. I felt a little stranded.I would normally watch two to four hours of TV a day, but there are only five must- turn back programmes Survivor, Battlestar Galactica, Bones, House and American Idol.And I did watch some TV cou ldnt help it. With the TV on in the bedroom and in the living room, there was no way not to see and hear programmes as I walked through, or interacted with people.But I didnt sit down to watch a programme. Instead, I spent more time in the bathtub.I could have stayed in the tub reading longer, but I after an hour, my skin had more wrinkles than a Shar Pei.I decided to set up a chair, with its back to the TV, and read a baseball magazine.I read a bad novelSo how did I spend the rest of my time otherwise? I went to church, managed to get in a softball game, spent more time on the computer and read Stephen Kings Cell (very disappointing).We did play a few board games together like Vegas Showdown, San Juan and St. Petersburg, but those would have been a normal part of life anyway.Now that my week of abstinence is over, will I watch less TV? Probably not. As soon as the clock struck the witching hour, I had Comedy Central on.In the three days since going back to TV, Ive only watched six hours, which isnt that much considering it was a weekend.But of course, thats what any addict would say.

The Applications Of Content Marketing Marketing Essay

The Applications Of Content marketing Marketing EssaySeveral companies use inwardness marketing convey to have consumers like the center, comment on the content, and share the content. With its fairly new existence, companies are just now starting to take advantage of its application. However, many companies have been extremely successful with its use. With the expansion of friendly media, companies have had great success on websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to market their products content. A few companies that have had success with content marketing include Instagram, American Express, and fold.The expansion of sociable media marketing is helping expand content marketing as well. Websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram all provide a simple and affordable method of marketing content. Facebook, probably the most used channel, allows businesses to post data via wall posts, pictures, or videos on a businesss page for the world to see. This allows users to get the information about products and from there, they can share it with other users on Facebooks website. Next is Twitter. Twitter allows businesses to post a tweet about their products that get out appear on their pursuit timeline. From there, their followers can retweet the message and allow other users to view it who follow them. Many businesses use Twitter to keep their customers informed about the products they offer and products they will soon offer. Instagram is a photo-sharing program and social media website that allows users to take a picture and share it with virtually the world. The service is free allowing many consumers as well as businesses to take advantage of its service. Businesses are now using Instagram for content marketing purposes. A successful lesson that can be learned from Instagram is that it has no direct object market. Anyone who takes a picture and uploads it is a great target for the company. This allows Instagram to have a diverse consumer ba se for different purposes. Next, this gives businesses an advantage because it allows consumers to see what businesses post about the content of their products. For content marketing purposes, Instagrams blog serves as a platform for users to tell their stories via images. Rather than directly promoting itself, Instagram gives users the power to share themselves via the Instagram product (Cohen, 2012).Next, American Express has spread out its content marketing strategies with the creation of OpenForum.com (Snow, 2011). Open Forum is a content marketing websites that allows a variety of businesses to post information, such as blogs, videos, articles, or podcasts, on their website to attract other businesses to it in order to increase business-to-business sales. Open Forum gives small businesses the tools they need to operate and information about how to operate their business. Some content is developd by other publishers like Inc. Magazine or Mashable, and posted on Open Forums web site, and other articles are created by Open Forum writers. According to Shane Snow, a writer for Mashable, Open Forum is a hybrid advertising/guest blogging/in-house editorial operation, and its fostering a community around the topic of running a business. Also according to Snow, some lessons from American Expresses content marketing is get trusted contributors to publish guest content on your properties, develop users around a topic and let your brand be the host of the community, and do not neglect original content that was created.Mint is considered a market leader in online personal finance. It has been very successful with its content marketing strategies. Mints blog created a blog entitled MintLife that was a core part of the companys operation. Mint dedicated real resources to its blog, including a full time editorial staff and a slew of freelance contributors, unlike other companies that might rarely update their blogs or social media webpages. It used social news sites li ke Reddit and Digg, and Mint began to build their consumer base when their consumers began to see reliable and interesting content on the sites. The readers of the site began to become customers of Mint and started to promote Mints products on personal social media pages such as Facebook and Twitter.Kraft Foods has also been very successful in content marketing. Their focus is not on marketing their products however, it is on bettering their current customers and subscribers lives and maintaining good customer relationship management. An example of their content marketing strategy is kraftrecipes.com that has been online since 1992. Kraftrecipes.com offers recipes to its subscribers. They also have expanded to using YouTube as well as mobile apps and social media sites. In order to measure their content marketing success, Kraft measures its traffic and engagement on different channels and sites (Gutman, Kraft Foods Dishes Out Its Recipe for Successful Content Marketing, 2012). Accor ding to Julie Fleischer, Director of Content Strategy Integration at Kraft Foods, The ROI on our Content Marketing work is among the highest of all of our marketing efforts.The last company of focus is Sears Holdings Company. Sears uses various ways of connecting people with their content. FitStudio is Searss online fitness community. On the site, they use different fitness experts to create content (Gutman, Sears Explains Its Success In Content Marketing, 2012). The expert contributors all reach various wellness communities and draw them to the FitStudio content, according to Julia Fitzgerald, Chief Digital Officer for Fitness, libertine Goods Toys at Sears. They use several different channels, such as Facebook, Twitter, Pintrest, and Shop Your Way, to promote the FitStudio content as well as some paid methods of distribution as well. To measure their success, the look at FitStudios membership, engagement, page views, return visits, coupon redemption, or purchase (Gutman, Sears Explains Its Success In Content Marketing, 2012). Overall, they look at how engaged are their customers in determining their success.