Population Biology Basics

Populations are groups of individuals belonging to the same species that live in the same region at the same time. Populations, like individual organisms, have unique attributes such as growth rate, age structure, sex ratio, and mortality rate Populations change over time due to births, deaths, and the dispersal of individuals between separate populations. When resources are plentiful and environmental conditions appropriate, populations can increase rapidly. A populations ability to increase at its maximum rate under optimal conditions is called its biotic potential. Biotic potential is represented by the letter r when used in mathematical equations. Keeping the Population in Check In most instances, resources are not unlimited and environmental conditions are not optimal. Climate, food, habitat, water availability, and other factors keep population growth in check due to environmental resistance. The environment can only support a limited number of individuals in a population before some resource runs out or limits the survival of those individuals. The number of individuals that a particular habitat or environment can support is referred to as the carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is represented by the letter K when used in mathematical equations. Growth Characteristics Populations can sometimes be categorized by their growth characteristics. Species whose populations increase until they reach the carrying capacity of their environment and then level off are referred to as K-selected species. Species whose populations increase rapidly, often exponentially, quickly filling available environments, are referred to as r-selected species. Characteristics of K-selected species include: Late maturationFewer, larger youngLonger life spansMore parental careIntense competition for resources Characteristics of r-selected species include: Early maturationNumerous, smaller youngShorter lifespansLess parental careA little competition for resources Population Density Some environmental and biological factors can influence a population differently depending on its density. If population density is high, such factors become increasingly limiting on the success of the population. For example, if individuals are cramped in a small area, the disease may spread faster than it would if population density were low. Factors that are affected by population density are referred to as density-dependent factors. There are also density-independent factors which affect populations regardless of their density. Examples of density-independent factors might include a change in temperature such as an extraordinarily cold or dry winter. Intra-Specific Competition Another limiting factor on populations is intra-specific competition which occurs when individuals within a population compete with one another to obtain the same resources. Sometimes intra-specific competition is direct, for example when two individuals vie for the same food, or indirect, when one individuals action alters and possibly harms the environment of another individual. Populations of animals interact with each other and their environment in a variety of ways. One of the primary interactions a population has with its environment and other populations is due to feeding behavior. Types of Herbivores The consumption of plants as a food source is referred to as herbivory and the animals that do this consuming are called herbivores. There are different types of herbivores. Those that feed on grasses are referred to as grazers. Animals that eat leaves and other portions of woody plants are called browsers, while those that consume fruits, seeds, sap, and pollen are called frugivores. Predators and Prey Populations of carnivorous animals that feed on other organisms are called predators. The populations on which predators feed are called prey. Often, predator and prey populations cycle in a complex interaction. When prey resources are abundant, predator numbers increase until the prey resources wane. When prey numbers drop, predator numbers dwindle as well. If the environment provides adequate refuge and resources for prey, their numbers may again increase and the cycle begins again. Competing Species The concept of competitive exclusion suggests that two species that require identical resources cannot coexist in the same location. The reasoning behind this concept is that one of those two species will be better adapted to that environment and be more successful, to the point of excluding the lesser species from the environment. Yet we find that many species with similar requirements do coexist. Because the environment is varied, competing species can use resources in different ways when competition is intense, thus allowing space for one another. When two interacting species, for example, predator and prey, evolve together, they can influence the evolution of the other. This is referred to as coevolution. Sometimes coevolution results in two species that influence (both positively or negatively) from each other, in a relationship referred to as symbiosis. The various types of symbiosis include: Parasitism: One species (parasite) benefits more than the other species (host).Commensalism: One species benefits while a second species is neither helped nor injured.Mutualism: Both species benefit from the interaction.

Anorexia Nervosa Is An Eating Disorder - 1373 Words

Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder that a lot of girls and even boys suffer from. It deals with distorted body image issues that turn into an obsessive control of food intake. It can start as a normal diet that gets taken too far. One might limit themselves to a very low calorie diet and over exercising keeping him or her below a healthy weight. The body goes into starvation mode if you do not eat around two thousand calories a day and a person with anorexia on average eats less than six hundred calories per day (Overview - Anorexia nervosa - Mayo Clinic, 2016). To put that into perspective, a banana is about one hundred calories. When your body is starving, it stars hoarding calories and your metabolism does not have to work as†¦show more content†¦There are a few ways to try and treat this disorder. Because it is a mental disorder the first approach a lot of parents take with their child is to get them into some sort of counseling. A counselor can talk to the child or adult suffering from this disease and see if they can try to talk to them and get through to them. They might be able to figure it is deeply rooted from something in their past. They have to try to talk the sick person into trying to want to eat a healthy amount of food and love his or her body again. There are some drugs that can be prescribed to try and help with this which include â€Å"Olanzapine (Zyprexa), Citalopram (Celexa), Fluoxetine (Prozac)† (Overview - Anorexia nervosa - Mayo Clinic, 2016). If a person is refusing help and is getting to a dangerously low weight, they can be hospitalized and force fed from a feeding tube. I did watch a show from the UK that had a program for girls with eating disorders. They were sent away from their parents to live in a home with other girls with eating disorders and were monitored very closely. They were required to eat a certain amount of calories per day and watched extremely closely. They were not allowed to use the restroom u ntil three hours after finishing a meal in fear that they might be hiding food in their mouths and spit it out or some girls would make themselves throw up what they had just eaten. Exercise was limited and any type

Smell and Memory free essay sample

What is the best way to commit something to memory? Memory is a combination of the processes used to acquire, store, retain, and retrieve information (Cherry, 2012). Students, professionals, children, and researchers would all benefit from knowing how to best encode information and ensure that information remains imbedded in ones long-term memory banks. The study of human memory has been a major priority for cognitive psychologists for many years. One of the main focuses has been with memory and the five basic human senses. Is it easier to recall a memory that one has seen , heard, touched, tasted, or smelled? In terms of quickness and effectiveness, from a biological and physical standpoint, the sense of smell is the most effective in retaining and retrieving information out of all five senses. The process of in which information is transported into long term memory is called encoding (Goldstein, 2011). This process can be completed in several different ways using the different senses. Events in one life can be committed to memory via sight. Most would say that sight is the most effective sense in recovering memories because when one tries to remember a past event, they attempt to visualize it. Simple visualizations of past events usually only come in flashes and dont give an accurate, detailed depiction of the events that occurred. Hearing is the same, if one focuses on the auditory aspects of a memory, they will only recall what was heard and not many other details of the account. The most detailed and fully formed recalls typically come from memories that are linked with strong emotions. Emotional memories cause a release of hormones from the adrenal glands and these hormones influence the effects or neurotransmitters in the brain, enhancing ones memory (Wade, 2012). Since  emotions are so closely related to memory, one can assume that the sense with the closest relationship to emotions would be the sense that is most able to store and retrieve information accurately. The amygdala is a set of neurons located deep in the brains medial temporal lobe and plays a key role in the processing of emotions (ScienceDaily, 2012). The primary olfactory cortex, in which the higher level processing of hearing takes place forms a direct link with the amygdala (Herz, 1996). Only two synapses serarate the olfactory cortex from the amygdala, which is involved in experiencing emotion and emotional memory (Herz, 1996). So when one smells something, it immediately triggers an emotional response. That smell is then committed to memory emotionally, and in the future when that particular smell is experienced again, the emotions felt will allow the person to retrieve a detailed account of what was going on when that smell was first experienced. For example, if one happened to be staring out the window watching a dog chase a squirrel and smelled that their grandmother was baking chocolate chip cookies, years later when smelling those cookies again, that emotional response garnered before could bring about a detailed account of that dog chasing the squirrel. The hippocampus is a part of the forebrain, located in the medial temporal lobe and is a critical tool used for storing memories (Buzsaki, 2010). The hippocampus has also been considered the brains éÆ' ½earch engine allowing for quick and efficient searches for deposited memories in the brain (Buzsaki, 2010). The hippocampus provides a storage for information and dedicates it to long term memory, and then later provides the ability to search through that database of information for specific memories and information. Only three synapses separate the olfactory nerve from the hippocampus (Herz, 1996). Given this information, one can see that the sense of smell carries a direct link to the storing of information, and also a direct link with the subsequent retrieval of that information. Humans tend to underestimate the role of smell in our every day lives. Most mammals actually recognize smell as their most important sense and rely on it constantly for many of their daily activities. Animals use their sense of smell to hunt food, locate members of their family or pack, lure possible  mates for reproduction, and even communicate. Members of the canine family often use urine to mark their territories, committing the smell of the urine to memory so they can use that memory to locate their territories and ward off other animals (Ito, 2000). Many animals when they are first born are unable to see, and use their sense of smell to identify their mother (Ito, 2000). Some animals, when they birth their young identify them using their sense of smell, and if that scent is compromised by another animal or person, the parent will reject the young (Ito, 2000). Animals also learn better using their sense of smell. In a 1993 study, rats were presented with a drinking tube containing quinine hydrochloride (Slotnik, 1993). The hydrochloride had a bad taste and the time it took for the rats to stop going to the drinking tube was recorded (Slotnik, 1993). When the hydrochloride drinking tube was associated with a specific scent, the rats learned to not drink from it much faster than when the water was associated with a different color, sound, or consistency (Slotnik, 1993). The rats learned quicker when the tainted water was associated with smell than any other sense. Humans would be a lot more effective in storing and retrieving their memories if they took the example given my most mammals and utilized the olfactory nerve system more effectively and relied on it more often. One important aspect of committing information to long term memory is rehearsal. Rehearsal is necessary for commiting things to memory because typically the sensations we see, hear, and feel dont remain for long. After reading a sentence, the vision of that sentence doesnt stay there, it passes. So the best way to commit that sentence to memory would be to read that sentence over and over again until it sticks, and even then it only commits it to short term memory (Goldstein, 2010). One could also not read it again, but just repeat it over and over until it is committed to memory using the auditory senses. This shows that committing information to memory using other senses requires work on ones part. When it comes to the sense of smell, it is the slowest of all senses. It not only takes the brain longer to perceive olfactory stimuli; the sensation of an odor also persists for greater lengths of time than do sensations of vision or audition (Herz, 1996). One does not have to do any work to commit a smell to memory because the body automatically conducts its own form of rehearsal by allowing the  sensation to linger until it is committed to memory. Olfactory receptors most readily receive information from the physical world and therefore are able to code memories for things like emotion or events more efficiently. Several studies have been conducted with humans to determine what senses have the most effect on memory. One 1990 study examined memory for common odors and odor names encoded with visual, verbal, and olfactory elaborations (Lyman, 1990). In this experiment several groups of people were placed in a room and either presented with a group of odors and the name of that odor, visually given a list of names of objects associated with an odor, or verbally given a list of names associated with an odor (Lyman, 1990). A week later these groups were brought back in and asked to recall these lists given olfactory, auditory, or visual clues. The group that was presented with the smells again performed a lot better in recalling the name associated with those smells (Lyman, 1990). According to this study and several like it, the olfactory receptors are more effective at storing and retrieving memory; however, studies have also been done to decide whether interference plays a part when storing memory. When one is listening to a lecture and trying to commit what the lecturer is saying to their long term memory, background noise such as a car outside, another student sneezing, or a phone ringing is known as auditory masking (Goldstein, 2010). This masking reduces the persons ability to remember what was being said at the time. Visually, if one is watching a television show and there is something moving in their peripheral vision, that distraction could affect the persons memory of that television show. So in order to determine whether interference also plays a part in the sense of smell and how it is compared to the other senses and their types of interference, a research study was conducted in 2003 by Gesualdo Zucco. In this study, participants were asked to smell 30 odors while performing other tasks (Zucco, 2003). These tasks included things such as drawing an image, recounting a specific episode from their life, or naming a word and giving the definition (Zucco, 2003). Participants that were asked to conduct these tasks while smelling the odors were later able to recollect these odors just as well as the participants that smelled the odors without having to perform  a separate task (Zucco, 2003). In a second study conducted by Zucco, participants were exposed to 15 olfactory stimuli, 15 auditory stimuli, or 15 visual stimuli and all exposed to similar interfering conditions (Zucco, 2003). After being asked to recall the different stimuli later, it was shown that the interference affected recollection for the visual and auditory stimuli but not at all for the olfactory stimuli (Zucco, 2003). This study shows that not only is memory for odors represented on a separate and unique memory system, but also a more effective memory system than visual and auditory stimuli. Given the fact that the olfactory system holds closer links to the amygdala and hippocampus, automatically conducts its own form of rehearsal, and is less affected by interference, one can conclude that the sense of smell is the most effective sense in storing and retrieving memories; however, there is one downside to relying on the sense of smell to recall memories. Memories retrieved by the sense of smell are often subject to bias. A 1987 study showed that women asked to retrieve memories based on specific neutral words while also being exposed to certain odors recalled these memories in a negative or positive light based on the type of odors they were given (Ehrlichman, 1988). Those that were exposed to unpleasant odors recalled their memories as negative, while those exposed to pleasant odors recalled their memories as more positive (Ehrlichman, 1988). Each sense plays its part in memory retrieval and the best way to accurately and in detail commit an event or information to memory and later retrieve that event or information is to use as many senses as possible when encoding. But the most effect sense in storing and retrieving detailed information or events is the sense of smell.

British Home Front Ww1 Essay Research Paper free essay sample

British Home Front Ww1 Essay, Research Paper Modern History Assessment Task # 1 degree Celsius ) Britains immediate reaction to World War I was a combination of aroused expectancy, wonder and nationalism. The bulk of people were swayed by the initial euphory and the state settled into a province of loyal integrity. Initially, Britain was certain that the war would be over by Christmas. They had merely of all time before seen little eruptions of struggle like the Russo-Japanese War, which was quiet insignificant when compared to the consequences of the Great War to come. Whether it was soldiers about to go forth for the combat or adult females come ining the work force, the general vibration was enraptured and eager to lend. Britain contributed exceeding support with surprisingly high liquors. However, this merely lasted until Christmas of 1914. By this clip, trenches had been dug and strong defensive places were in topographic point. The war didn? T seem to be traveling anyplace. This caused concern as harmonizing to the authorities the war should hold over by now and all the British dorsum at place. By mid 1915 a deadlock had developed. General civilian attitudes started to turn. Peoples were non so confident and loyal as they one time were at the beginning of the war. Wounded soldiers began to return place and narratives from the frontline were out in the unfastened. As the war state of affairs began to look inexorable, the authorities began to command things like the media and baning letters that were to make the place forepart in order to maintain morale every bit high as possible. The Gallipoli run was the following major effort to better the civilians? attitudes. Unfortunately the Gallipoli run was an absolute catastrophe. Gallipoli turned out to be eight months of a similar ordeal that Britain went through merely a short piece earlier in France. Back place the British imperativeness were shocked at the failure. As a consequence, Winston Churchill was sacked from his place and one time once more high liquors deteriorated. The lead up to the conflict of the Somme yet once more improved British citizens attitudes and all were confident of a decisive discovery. Yet once more it was a narrative seen merely excessively many times before. Britains great outlooks shortly turned to letdown and indignation. On the first twenty-four hours of the conflict, 60 thousand British work forces were killed. The imperativeness back place were wholly stunned. This was the turning point of the war. The Germans had seized the advantage and blockaded the English Channel with the extremely effectual U-boat run. This had an about annihilating consequence as indispensable nutrient and other supplies were no longer to make Britain from topographic points like Australia. Britain became despairing, as civilians had lost a great sense of hope as they began to hunger to decease. The 2nd full twelvemonth of war was stoping ; triumph and peace were nowhere in sight. The really effectual curate for weaponries, Lloyd George felt the authorities was non making plenty to win. In November 1916, he said in private: ? We are traveling to lose the war? . Asquith resigned as premier curate and Lloyd George took over. He instantly reorganised the authorities for the construct of Total War. He set up a little war cabinet of top curates that he felt could steer the war attempt. There were new ministries ( Labour, Food, Shipping, Pensions ) and many sections and commissions. Research workers gathered accurate information about what the state was bring forthing and what was needed to win the war. Peoples didn? T know what to believe of the new issues and ways of life brought approximately by the extremely active and motivational Prime Minister Lloyd George. Most followed in his assurance stance and anticipated a alteration of melody from the frontline. 1916 was known as the twelvemonth of large offenses. However, it was large-scale on both the British place forepart every bit good as the front-line. British citizens both at place and in the thick in combat all shared the similar position that war was snake pit. 750 000 Gallic and British had died in the runs that were meant to win the Great War. Back place, muster had been introduced, milking every last able-bodied British citizen, go forthing merely despaired adult females and shaky-handed 70 twelvemonth olds working in topographic points such as weaponries mills. Governments were making every bit much as possible to keep on and keep morale. Britain was seeking to tap every last resource for every last supply. However, the battle to last was plenty. The British round the German U-boat run and liquors were lifted. The entry of the Americans, although little, was besides a major encouragement. In 1918, major allied offenses had driven the Germans back every bit far as their boundary line. This was without any major attempt from the Americans and so was great inspiration for the British civilians to keep on. Victory was one time once more in sight. Finally, on the 11th of November 1918, the cease-fire was signed which signified the alleviation of the long anticipated exhilaration and avidity which had ironically greeted the war merely four old ages earlier. The clip of exhilaration of traveling off to war ; choler at the truth of the front-line ; the defeat of a deadlock ; the deathly expectancy of scanning the day-to-day published casualty lists ; the assurance that the following offense would be the last ; and all-round assorted emotions came easy to a holt on the British place forepart as soldiers did and did non return to there household and lives they had left behind so long ago. HISTORY Student # 571 Modern History Assessment Task # 1 B ) The war dramatically changed the lives of adult female in both Britain and Germany. In the universe of 1914, criterions were high that adult females were? taken attention of? by work forces? . The thought had been in pattern for old ages that adult females could non pull off their ain lives. Nor particularly did they think that adult females could make a adult males work. Unlike the Australian adult females of this clip, the British adult females weren? t even allowed to vote as they were thought to non hold a comprehendible head to be able to hold a good apprehension of political relations. A little group of adult females called? Suffragettes? in Great Britain had been recommending the ballot for many old ages. Womans in this society had no dominant function but to look after the household, or in the instance of the individual adult females from hapless households, worked as custodies and amahs. The early haste of voluntaries to the front-line and subsequently the muster of work forces led to a deficit of work force on the British place forepart. The early months saw aggregate unemployment follow the eruption of war in both sexes. In September 1914, about 44 % of adult females workers were unemployed. Over the following few old ages the state of affairs was slightly reversed as workers became scarce. There was no 1 left to make full the topographic points of those who had enlisted but the adult females. Every twenty-four hours supplies such as nutrient and vesture were non surprisingly needed immediately. Workrooms were set up to learn new accomplishments like dressmaking, plaything devising and cleansing in order to set up some foundations for ego sufficiency, for which they were paid blue rates in comparing to that of those work forces and antecedently enjoyed. Even so, the industry besides required more workers, particularly after the consequence of muster. Trade brotherhoods opposed adult females taking work forces? s occupations for good but about instantly adult female were working in weaponries and other mills. Women become bus and tram music directors, railroad ticket aggregators, mailmans, gravedigger, lamplighters, mechanics and even jurisprudence hatchet mans. They worked in offices, dockyards, research labs and breweries and became laborers of the land and farm. One adult female helped her male parent run his concern: ? My male parent was a blacksmith? During the Great War there was no strikers to do the Equus caballuss? places, so at the age of 16 I did all the contact, and between us we managed to maintain the Smithy unfastened. At the clip I was analyzing for my matriculation at the Holyhead Grammar School, which means that the Equus caballuss? places had to be made really early in the forenoon before cycling lives stat mis to the school. ? Womans rapidly adapted to there new functions and enjoyed the duty that made them experience a portion of it all. However some of the labor was really intense and unsafe. Most of all, adult females worked in weaponries mills doing arms of war. The? munitionettes? as the adult females were called, were told ; ? A weaponry worker is every bit of import as a soldier in the trenches and on her his life depends. ? A Gallic general said ; ? If the adult females in war mills stopped for 20 proceedingss, we should lose the war. ? They were good paid but endured really long hours. They did a big scope of occupations, such as doing slugs and shells, piecing detonating devices, smoothing the clip fuses and shells, and make fulling the shells with gunpowder. The shells were filled with TNT, which was toxicant, and long exposure to it frequently turned the tegument yellow. Peoples like this were frequently called? Canary Islandss? . Besides this danger, detonations such as the accident in the Lon don mill in 1917, which killed 69 people, were besides common and feared. Australian adult females urgently wanted to fall in the services in order to see combat. Australian adult females were rejected and so travelled over the Britain were they could prosecute in work that took them to the front-line. During the war, 25 000 British adult females worked behind the front-line in organisations such as the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry ( FANY ) or the Voluntary Aid Detachment ( VAD ) , which involved nurses covering with some of the worst horrors of the war: ? Sometimes I helped in the operating room. Amputated limbs were merely swept or thrown out into the courtyard? Most of the work forces were so severely smashed that each needed a nurse to himself. ? Womans became fundamentally more able, dependent and autonomous. Married miss ran the household place on their ain. Single girls went to eating houses and theaters with out an bodyguard. Thingss like frock manners changed to go more practical. Immediately, it was adult females worried about their menfolk in the armed forces, get bying with raising prises and revenue enhancements and deficits while frequently alone and inquiring when it will all terminal. However, finally the war was determining the adult females? s hereafter. Before the war, adult females had been expected to get married and content themselves with household and domestic work. Then, it was considered unsuitable or a adult female to work ; now, it was considered disloyal non to! HISTORY Student # 571 Modern History Assessment Task # 1 a ) In Britain, the eruption of the Great War was greeted with tremendous enthusiasm. Peoples were exited, proud and wanted to demo their love for their state. Almost instantly, work forces enlisted through recruiting bureaus, swayed by the glamor of contending a war for your ain state. This initial image was insisted by propagandist stuff such as postings stating work forces? Your state needs you! ? and? Enlist now! ? Men rushed to fall in the? colorss? , otherwise known as the regular ground forces. Music halls resounded with choruses of? We wear? T want to lose you but we think you ought to travel? ? The force per unit area on work forces to acquire into ordinance khaki was tremendous. It was about a shame to be seen in the street without a uniform. After a few months, it became apparent that the Alliess needed a batch more people than they had to contend with if they wanted to interrupt away from this deadlock that had developed. Work forces were encouraged to enlist with their b uddies in order to organize? buddies battalions? which may hold sounded more inviting. Guilt was besides used as a manner of promoting civilians to enlist. Men were ridiculed and called cowards in the street. They normally received a white plume in the male, stand foring that of a spiritless poulet. Recruitment was a immense issue that was encouraged, and subsequently enforced through muster, strongly by the British authorities. War forced other alterations on the British people. They had to accept the ordinances imposed by the Defence of the Realm Act ( DORA ) passed in 1914. For grounds of national security, the Act besides interfered in people? s lives by baning narratives, images, journals, letters, movies and sounds from the war forepart, were censored to merely let British/Allied positives and German negatives to make the populace? s eyes and ears. All the soldiers? letters were read prior to being sent place and the maintaining of dairies was out. Censoring was put in topographic point to maintain liquors high and prolong popular support for the war in Britain. By demoing the populace merely the positives of war, so there is nil to cut down the inducement to travel off to war cause? Britain needs YOU! ? Propaganda was a major maneuver used on the place forepart to hold people believing that it is at that place ain responsibility to travel to war and to experience guilty if they didn? T. Many different attacks were taken in relation to propaganda. Images of large, endangering soldiers indicating at you to come and enlist which created a personal engagement. Others showed a male parent being shammed by his kids who ask him what he did in the Great War. Even groups like the socialists, who were pledged to non-violence, most supported the war. Even the suffragettes, after some initial heart-searching, threw themselves into war work. Furthermore, the gap of belligerencies led to xenophobia? hatred of aliens. Propaganda was extremely effectual in making an eruption of enthusiasm Recruitment, Censorship and Propaganda were all used in concurrence with each other in order to be successful. Posters and marks of propaganda were ab initio used to enroll soldiers. In fright of civilians going disheartened, censoring was introduced to curtail lay waste toing narratives from the forepart so that enlisting remained strong due to a despairing demand of soldiers to interrupt the deadlock and launch a major offense. In a sense, censoring is a portion of or basically a manner of propaganda as the subject of war is glorified to promote recruitment. Year 12 Modern History Assessment Task # 1 British Home Front WWI

Legalization Prostitution (Sweden) Debate Paper free essay sample

Sweden Prostitution is the exchange of sexual relations for economic gain. Most commonly, currency is used for transactions- being the most fluid of assets. Prostitution is a branch from the Sex Industry and is illegal in many countries. Prostitutes may be of either sexual orientation, but historically have been predominantly female. Brothels are specifically dedicated establishments where prostitution occurs. More countries are adopting the notion of ‘decriminalizing’ prostitution, whereby criminal penalties are often lifted. Prostitute- Latin: prostituta â€Å"to offer up for sale† Sweden – In 1999 the Swedish government passed a law criminalizing those who purchase sexual intercourse but have decriminalized prostitution (those who perform commercial sex work. ) Pimping, procuring and operating a brothel are also illegal. In 2009, both Norway and Iceland adopted similar legislation. Within the public, it is generally seen as a problem and a form of male violence towards women and that the customer is the ‘criminal. ’ The earliest law on prostitution appears to be in 1734, which outlawed sexual relations outside marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on Legalization Prostitution (Sweden) Debate Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rationale was partly religious and partly hygienic. -An attempt was made to ban prostitution in 1836, but within a year a state run brothel was established â€Å"Between 1983 and 1993 (particularly 1984–1987 and 1990–1992) some 50 bills were presented dealing with prostitution, many of which included the criminalization of purchase, and there was a major lobby within and without the Riksdag (national legislation assembly) from women’s movements and calls for more commissions† -Wikipedia In 2004 there were approximately 2,500 prostitutes working in Sweden. Roughly 75% of workers work in a ‘non-visible’ market indoors/home, brothels, and escort services. 12% of Swedish men have admitted to purchasing sexual services. In Sweden, prostitution is officially acknowledged as a form of male sexual violence against women and children. One of the cornerstones of Swedish policies against prostitution and trafficking in human beings is the focus on the root cause, the recognition that without mens demand for and use of women and girls for sexual exploitation, the global prostitution industry would not be able flourish and expand. The buying and selling of sexual services are legal. Solicitation in public is not permitted. The act of exchanging sexual services for money has never been illegal. This is a situation that has caused much controversy within Parliament. The current Conservative government is in favor of stronger sanctions on the matter, but no changes are apparent in the near future of the existing legislation. USA- Prostitution is illegal, except for 11 counties within Nevada. These counties have certain registration and mandatory health checks. It is illegal for pimping, owning/operating a brothel. â€Å"Indoor prostitution became legal in Rhode Island in 1980 due to an unintentional legal loophole created by legislators. The state enacted new legislation closing the loophole on Nov. 3, 2009. † -Every year, roughly 80,000 citizens are arrested for soliciting -prostitution. procon. org Germany- Prostitution was legalized in Germany in 1927. Pimping and brothel ownership are also legal. There are an estimated 400,000 prostitutes which work in Germany, with roughly 1.2 million patrons- daily. Annual revenues equate to roughly 6 billion euro (same as Adidas and Porsche. ) Netherlands- Officially legal in 2000. Prostitutes are required to register and pay taxes. Required age of at least 18 years old and a minimum customer age of 16 years old. Brothel ownership is legal with certain zoning and licensing requirements. Pimping is also legal, as long as there is no coercion. United Kingdom (incl. Scotland)- Presently it is le gal to pay for sex. It is legal soliciting one’s body as well. New legislation which is said to come into effect later this year will protect women forced into the trade, by making it illegal to purchase sex from a prostitute who is controlled by a pimp. It is illegal to own a brothel and to pimp. China (incl. Taiwan)- It is completely illegal in China, though the Province of Taiwan legalized prostitution on June 24, 2009. A Taipei based advocacy group estimated that there are 600,000 workers in the sex trade. Key Terms: Rape- People who ‘sell their bodies’ putting themselves in risk of potential abuse. Although, in countries where prostitution is regulated, ex: The Netherlands, rape rates have gone down. In Holland, prostitution is legal as well as licensing a brothel. Economy- If regulated, it could be financially beneficial for the economy. It could be taxed (see Netherlands. ) If legalized and regulated, it could result in a safer work place for both prostitutes and customers. In 2006, Greece’s economy was up 25% due to the aid of prostitutes. Abuse- There seems to be a staggering correlation between prostitutes and child abuse. In San Francisco, out of 147 prostitutes surveyed, 57% said they were sexually assaulted as children. As adults, 82% have been assaulted while conducting their sex-work. Pimps lower the risk of a prostitute from being assaulted from their customer, but there are many cases whereby the pimp assaults ‘his women’. Sexually transmitted diseases (STD)- Only 3-5% of STD’s are prostitution related, compared to the 30-35% teen rate. It is believed that the percentile for prostitute conveyed STD’s is so low is due to their knowledge of safe sex. In countries where prostitution is legal, it is seen as safersex, for the government regulates it. Main Clashes: * A woman’s right over her body vs. Negative impact on society The view of many on the propositioning side of the legalization of prostitution believe it’s the females right to do whatever she/he deems fit with his/her own body. To limit someone from this right may be seen as ‘un constitutional ’ in certain countries. On the other hand, many people view this as an ugly profession, which taints society and its image. Not just the image, but also the negative impact on the youth, which will be inflicted with a ‘skewed’ perception of what, is acceptable. This, in turn may lead to other promiscuous activities within society. * Objectification and demeaning vs. Right to work Many believe that since the vast majority of sex-workers are female, it makes the female seem ‘cheap’ and that she can be ‘bought. ’ On the other hand, lower class citizens often feel like they have no choice but to do what they can for money. Making prostitution illegal would be viewed as discriminating against the lower classed, impoverished people in society. This also makes the working environment very poor for sex providers and their customers.

Lifeboat Ethics Essay Sample

Lifeboat Ethics Essay Sample Lifeboat Ethics Essay When we say lifeboat, this is pertaining to a metaphor that is focused on the significance of providing a humanitarian way of helping other individuals. This is an ethical situation of saving other individuals whenever they need something significant to improve their lifestyle. The ethical issue of lifeboat is focused on providing sustainability for the marginalized sectors of the population. These are the minorities who have scarce or no resources in order to sustain their longevity or productivity in the society. Lifeboat pertains to the growing problems of poverty in our society, which means that government institutions are stepping up to prevent people from migrating to other countries that are undocumented. This is because it could risk their lives by being exposed to criminal and terrorist elements of the society. Lifeboat is referred to a situation wherein there is an inevitable amount of population experiencing the cruelest way of living their life to the fullest terms. The reason behind is that they are unable to secure a life that should have been an important factor of being productive. The ethical norm in this situation is halted because they were not given proper social welfare sustainability by the local government unit. One major issue is a financial status of the country wherein it is brought about by low economic development. The economic integrity of a nation has been essentially hampering minority groups to receive the rightful care in order to survive. This means that minority groups were ethically deprived because there is a lesser amount of subsidies provided by the local government unit as a way to promote their welfare and integrity as a member of the population. There are scenarios wherein lifeboat ethics has been tarnished by several government institutions. One example is the transcontinental migration of Africans to flee from their violent community towards Europe. Similarly with the Latin American migrants that are moving from their violent and corrupt societies from South and Central America towards the United States to pursue a better lifestyle. Affected members of the population have one major goal, which is to seek a better life as well as to have a greener pasture. Some Asian countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia are also seeking asylum after arriving in Australia from their countries to have a better future to a land that is peaceful without any risk of being harmed. The problem with these migrants is the threat of terrorism because there are other members of the terrorist organizations that are posing as migrants to reach their target countries and then will start terrorist campaigns. The ethical dilemma of lifeboat circumstances is the ability of the law enforcement agencies to produce abusive practices towards the migrants that best represents a lifeboat ethics. The reason behind is that some migrants were thought to be members of a criminal organization or terrorist group basing their tattoos or the Islamic names that could pose a risk to the security of the society. Physical abuse, torture, illegal detention, and executions of presumed terrorist or members of criminal organizations were usually being applied by government forces in the United States, European Union, and Australia. As a result, human rights were violated as a result of these abusive practices that have led to public scandal due to an inhuman practice towards undocumented immigrants (Doleac Stein, 2013). Reference Doleac, Jennifer L. Stein, Luke C.D. (2013).  The Visible Hand: Race and Online Market Outcomes.  The Economic Journal.  123  (572): F469–F492.

Disadvantage of building an energy producing waste burning disposal Essay

Disadvantage of building an energy producing waste burning disposal plant in washington DC - Essay Example However, according to Curlee et al. (1994), WTE facilities have encountered questions about reliability and safety. These contradicting arguments are the main theme of this essay. This will examine the disadvantages of waste-to-energy facilities and if it is suitable to use in Washington D.C. The trouble is environmental degradation. It is said that the emissions from waste to energy plants can potentially expound the problem on air pollution. Furans, dioxins and other carcinogenic compounds are the main waste products of this type of process (Curlee et al., 1994). Gas emissions and metal particles which blend to the environment would lead to environmental imbalance. Furthermore, WTE plants use water for â€Å"boilers and in cooling.† The water, if discharged, can also harm aquatic life and makes its way to the food chain. This is alarming since both health and environment would be at risk. Cost-efficiency is also a problem wherein the maximized utilization of this process is only for steam and electricity and would be less operational for other needs (Recovered Energy, n.d.). It does not also make use of all types of wastes; thus sorting out would be a hassle. Another thing is the cost of the facilities. It has been reported that â€Å"60 megawatts of electricit y from about 2,250 tons of trash daily would cost about $350 million† (Combs, n.d.); too expensive for waste management process. A study by Lux Research Inc. (n.d.) stated the major challenges of the technology would include lack of versatility and waste-gas clean up. Many WTE technologies were â€Å"designed to handle one or few types of wastes.† Such technology needs exact sorting of all waste materials which is a hard thing to do, since determining the components of waste materials would require time and effort. Washington D.C. is a highly progressive district. The place has a lot of business establishments and consequently has a growing number of populations. Having WTE facilities

Literature Review Are Wound Vacuum Devices Healing Wounds Essay

Literature Review Are Wound Vacuum Devices Healing Wounds - Essay Example VAC was even compared with the traditional WM dressing method and proved to heal better. This only proves that VAC is indeed a promising and faster way to heal wounds. The main purpose of this research is to look through the new way of wound healing. In the United States, over 2.8 million patients have chronic wounds and treatments cost billions of dollars per year. Wound healing is a complex process which starts with removal of debris, control of infection, clearance of inflammation, angiogenesis, deposition of granulation tissue, contraction, remodeling of the connective tissue matrix and maturation. This sequence of events should be undergone by the wound for proper healing whilst if it fails to undergo these events, a chronic open wound without anatomical or functional integrity results (Joseph, 2008). Chronic wounds should be healed at a faster rate in order to decrease hospitalization days and thereby reduce costs. A product which delivers improved healing process could help in decreasing infection, amputation and length of hospital stay thus entails potential annual savings for healthcare cost. The introduction of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) which utilizes subatmospheric technique may be the answer in this medical challenge. In VAC, placing an open-cell foam dressing is involved. It is placed into the wound cavity and controlled subatmospheric pressure is applied. The technique was observed to remove chronic edema which increases local blood flow and enhanced formation of granulation tissue (Joseph, 2008). VAC applies negative pressure to wounds hence fluid is removed and growth of granulation tissue is stimulated. Acute, subacute and chronic wounds may be applied with VAC. Argenta, et al. have previously described the use of the VAC device to enhance healing and promote closure of a variety of open wounds FDA cleared VAC for clinical use. Frequent dressing changes which required when using WM, could be lessen by using VAC which requires dressing changes only every 48 hours (Joseph, 2008). Review of the Literature Senchenkov et al. (2007) conducted a study on the use of vacuum assisted closure (VAC) dressing for irradiated wounds. This study aimed to examine the outcomes of split-thickness skin grafts (STSG) secured by VAC during the early part of the postoperative period. Reviews were done on the records of 17 preoperatively radiated patients with extremity sarcomas that was reconstructed with STSGs combined with VAC to assess the efficiency of VAC in this purpose. Through January 1997 and December 2005, there have been 19 patients identified to base on their records to have undergone STSG reconstruction of irradiated extremity defects with VAC. These patients had soft tissue sarcomas. External beam radiation was used to treat the tumor bed and added with intraoperative radiation or brachytherapy. This was done before skin was grafted. Two of these patients however were excluded in the study because one had necrosis of the underlying irradiate muscle flaps while the other had 40% skin graft placed with epidermis which faced the recipients bed. This left 17 patients (9 men and 8 women, age 42 to 82, mean 65) to be

Fingerprinting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fingerprinting - Research Paper Example It is an excellent way of tying a suspect to a crime scene. There are different types of fingerprints found by investigators. Some are visible and some are latent. Visible prints are those taken from a suspect usually using ink. They are clear and whole. Latent prints are usually left accidentally and may only be partial. They may not be visible to the eye and may require dusting. Fingerprints in the past were largely classified by ridge formation. Loops, whorls, and arches on a fingerprint were also used to distinguish various prints from one another. Fingerprints are now generally photographed and kept in a digital database. This makes them much easier to access. New fingerprints can be scanned in. Fingerprints are still a useful form of evidence, but they are not as determinative as DNA. They are especially useful in showing where people have been and what they have done, while DNA (in some cases) may simply put a person at the scene of a crime. Fingerprints may be considered more

Assessing The Capacity Of A Person With Dementia Social Work Essay

Assessing The Capacity Of A Person With Dementia Social Work Essay The aim of this assignment is to discuss how a social worker would assess the mental capacity of a service user who has been diagnosed with dementia. This essay will discuss the various meanings of the different types of dementia and how their mental health diagnosis affects an individuals ability to make important decisions in their lives. This essay will discuss how the Person-Centred Dementia Care (VIPS) framework written by Tom Kitwood (1997) is able to guide the social worker in applying theoretical frameworks and also by applying Law and assessing the specific capacity of a person diagnosed with dementia. This assignment will also discuss how the citizenship, social and medical models differentiate in their understandings and meanings of dementia. When assessing capacity it is important to distinguish what type of capacity you are assessing. This could involve assessing decisions based on financial issues, housing situation, personal or domestic care needs, the ability to asses s risk and safety, and also regarding their physical health care needs. The social worker is able to apply the Mental Capacity Act 2005 to provide justification and guidance when assessing the service users mental capacity. The social worker will implement their professional judgement and accountability as well as work in a multidisciplinary manner and liaise with the GP, psychiatrist, neurologist, community psychiatric nurse or community mental health team. This would enable the social worker to obtain more evidence and reports in determining the mental capacity of the service user. The social worker will assess the mental capacity of a service user diagnosed with dementia through any form of assessment of need i.e. safeguarding needs, support needs, housing needs etc. It is also important to work in anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive manner when working alongside service users. The Alzheimers society (2010) found that diagnosable dementia occurs in 5% of those aged 65 years and over and in about a quarter of those aged 85 years. Of those with dementia, 50-60% will have Alzheimers disease and a further 10-15% a vascular or multi-infarct dementia. There are many forms of dementias, which include potentially reversible illnesses, such as alcohol-related dementia and those due to structural intracranial lesions. Dementia progresses as a very variable illness; in the early stages patients with dementia can continue to live at home with the support of family and friends. As the illness progresses, this support needs to be supplemented with targeted assistance to address aspects of daily living such as maintaining nutrition, self-care and compliance with medication. Tom Kitwood (1997) was the first writer to use the term personhood in relation to people with dementia. Kitwood (1997) defined personhood as a standing status that is bestowed upon human beings, by others, in the context of relationship and social being, it implies recognition, respect and trust (Kitwood, 1997:16). The person-centred dementia care framework brings together ideas and ways of working with the lived experience of people with dementia that emphasised communication and relationships. (Kitwood 1997 cited Brooker 2007:14). The person-centred care involves four major elements, the first being valuing people with dementia and those who care for them, promoting their citizenship rights and entitlements regardless of age or cognitive impairment Drake (1999:19) asserts; Citizenship is more than consumerism, which is where the expression of power is limited to making choices or expressing preferences it is about equality of opportunity and process although the outcome may be limited by the abilities of any individual. There are many ways of understanding dementia which consist of the medical model, the social approach and the citizenship approach to dementia The citizenship approach to dementia is a new approach which concentrates on how people with dementia can help society in terms of political, and social rights, talking part in work, leisure, political debates and religious celebration. This approach is based on reciprocity, which is why this is a new development as nobody was thinking about the people diagnosed with dementia as being able to give as well as receive. ..dementia describes a group of symptoms which result from the destruction of brain cells. Although dementia is a physical illness, most of the symptoms and problems caused by the illness require psychiatric expertise and care. (Brotchie 2003 p. 2) Dementia affects peoples ability to remember things for more than a few seconds, make sense of the world around them, cope with daily living tasks and express their feelings. Other factors which affect people with dementia are being able to think clearly and solve problems, make plans, unable cope with an over-stimulating environment and find it difficult to behave in a normal way. Dementia is one of the main conditions which are a result of mental confusion, memory loss, disorientation, intellectual impairment, or similar problems. (Mace et al 2006). Brotchie (2003) found that different people may suffer from different symptoms of dementia, depending on their personality and their illness which lead to dementia. Brotchie (2003) outlines four most common symptoms of dementia which are memory loss, changes in personality, difficulty in communicating and loss of practical skills. Memory loss is often a sign which occurs earlier and highlights something is not right, however could be mistaken for forgetfulness brought on my stress or feeling low in mood. A person with dementia may gradually forget where they are and how to get home; therefore emphasising there is a cognitive problem. People who may have dementia show changes in their personality as people struggle to function with a limited thinking capacity and over-react with everyday situations and daily tasks. People who are know to be calm may become aggressive or abusive, alternatively a person know to be reserved before they became ill may lose all social inhibitions. Changes in peoples behaviour are caused by damage to the brain and are not something the person can control or prevent. (Brotchie 2003 p.3) This view of damage to the brain as a cause of dementia is supported by the medical model. The medical model concentrates on brain damage and state there evidence by its nature of becoming worse as time goes on. Jacques Jackson (2000 p.4) emphasise the amount of; tibbs 2006 p16 ..damage dementia does to the lives of sufferers and those around them. It poses an enormous challenge to health and social services and to the community as a whole. People diagnosed with dementia may struggle in making themselves understood e.g. forgetting the name of simple objects or familiar people. They may also find it difficult to make sense of what is being said to them as a result being unable to carry out instructions. People with dementia may forget things a few minutes after they have been told which is done by mistake and not intentional. Another symptom which may occur with a person who has dementia is having serious problems with carrying out simple tasks such as tying a shoe lace or doing up a zip, other tasks such as eating, dressing and washing become more difficult as the illness becomes worse. The majority forms of dementia are irreversible, there are limited treatments but the most help a person can get is from their family to plan for the best form of care in the future. It is vital for a doctor at this stage to be involved in the persons care and treatment (Brotchie 2003). Cantley and Bowe (2004) found that there can be oth er causes for these symptoms which may not be linked to dementia such as a general medical illness, drug toxicity or a life changing event. In the more advanced stages of the illness dependence increases and there is often the need for residential or nursing care. Issues of capacity and consent are important at many stages of dementia and particularly affect financial issues, ability to assess risk and safety, and also decisions over physical healthcare (British Medical Association (2009). Marshall Tibbs (2006) found that the Mental Capacity Act 2005, which followed the Adult with Incapacity Act 2000, means that we are more able to offer protection in law to adults who lack mental capacity, including people diagnosed with dementia. A major change to this law emphasised that presumption against lack of capacity, which means a person is now presumed to be capable of making their own decisions until proved otherwise. The second element from the person-centred framework consists of treating people as individuals taking into consideration their unique personality, physical and mental health, social and economic resources and that these will affect their response to neurological impairment (Brooker 2007:12). Marshall Tibbs (2006), have argued that this involves the presence or absence of Mental Capacity, which can be determined by two questions in order for the service user to have the capacity to make the decision they should be able to comprehend and retain the information which is material to the decision, especially as to the consequences of making or not making the decision in question. It is important for the social worker to take this into consideration when assessing a person capacity and making a professional judgment. The service user should also be able to use the information and weigh it up as part of the process of arriving at a decision (Marshall Tibbs 2006:34). The social worker sho uld take into consideration that an individual may retain capacity to make certain decisions such as, the choice of what to eat but, lack the capacity to make serious decisions such as managing their finances i.e. paying bills. According to the British medical association (2009) all adults are assumed to have mental capacity unless there is evidence to prove this is not the case. There are many factors which can affect a persons capacity temporarily, such as dehydration, infection, medication or fatigue however assumptions about impairment cannot be based on age alone or frailty. It is important for the assessor to talk with the person when they are at their best taking in to consideration any physical problems which could affect their cognitive ability. A wide spectrum of ability is found in people deemed to have impaired competence, including those living with dementia or with learning disabilities. It is important, therefore, to see each person as an individual. Disease or other factors can result in temporary, fluctuating or enduring incapacity. British Medical Association (2009:34). There are issues which need to be addressed before a person is assessed to have capacity or not such as, behavioural or cultural differences which are not indicators of impaired cognition. On the other hand, decisions which come across as being rash or unconventional are not indictors of impaired cognition either but can lead to the process of a formal assessment. It can become clear by talking to a person with dementia if they have sufficient mental capacity to make particular decisions; however, if this is not clear a GP or psychiatrist are often the best professionals to give a view, especially if the person has had previous contact with them. It is vital to understand in these circumstances an assessment cannot be rushed and time should be taken in looking at the person medical history and the decision for which the person is being assessed. An individuals appearance and behaviour needs to be taken into account e.g. if they suffer from a mood disorder or a mental illness. If a person has suffered from damage to the brain, such as a stroke, this can make verbal communication near impossible however it is not necessarily an indicator of reduced mental capacity. Similarly, long term memory loss is not an indicator of reduced mental capacity however being unable to retain information long enough to make a decision would invalidate it. British Medical Association (2009). If a person has to make a serious decision and there is still doubt about their mental capacity it would be advised for a formal assessment to be completed. If a person lacks capacity it is usually possible to assess their ability through conversation, but if they refuse assessment, it cannot proceed unless required by court. If it is clear a person lacks mental capacity and they havent given their consent decisions on their behalf are governed by the Mental Capacity Act 2005. According to Brown Barber (2008), the Mental Capacity Act 2005 begins, in Section 1, by emphasising five key principles to be followed whenever working within this framework of the Act. These are to work with the person with dementia with the assumption that they have capacity unless it is proved otherwise, not to treat the person as unable to make decision unless all the steps to help them to do so have been unsuccessful. The third principle of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 emphasises not to treat a person as unable to make decisions for themselves just because the person may make an unwise decision and a decision made, under this Act, on the behalf of a person who lacks capacity must be done, or made, their best interest. The final key principle of the Act is: Before the act is done, or the decision is made, regard must be had to whether the purpose for which it is needed can be as effectively achieved in a way that is less restrictive of the persons rights and freedom of action Brown Barber (2008:5-6). The third element of the person-centred approach is looking at the world from the perspective of the person with dementia, recognising that each persons experience has its own psychological validity, that people with dementia act from this perspective and that empathy with this perspective has its own therapeutic potential (Brooker 2007:63). The assessment process will consist of many areas that should consider their environment, such as their home and finances many individuals with early dementia retain the capacity to complete an enduring power of attorney which at a later date can be registered (Brooker 2007:67). The Mental Capacity Act 2005 includes the Lasting Powers of Attorney (section 9-12 and 22-23). A Lasting Power of Attorney in section 9 (1) as: a power of attorney under which the donor (P) confers on the done (or donees) authority to make decisions about all or any of the following- Ps personal welfare or specified matters concerning Ps personal welfare, and Ps property and affairs or specified matters concerning Ps property and affairs, and which includes authority to make such decisions in circumstances where P no longer has capacity. (Brown Barber 2008:41). The social worker will also assess safety and risk. Marshall Tibbs (2008:44) argue as dementia progresses the risk of self neglect, exploitation and wandering may determine a persons ability to live alone, while risks posed to other from driving and misuse of gas appliances may cause great concern still. In this situation the level of this would be too high for that person to continue to live within their home environment due to health and safety reasons. This may result in the use of the Mental Health Act 1983 for the purpose of permanent residential accommodation or 24 hour care by family members or carers. The Mental Capacity Act 2005, Section 2 refers to the diagnostic test which is narrowed down to the functional test in order to identify the smallest area of decision-making to apply for the incapacity test. Further in the Act, Section 3 provides the test which should be used to determine a persons mental capacity on a particular decision e.g. refusal of medication. The Section 3 test is to establish whether a person is able to understand information relevant to the decision and if they are able to retain to information. The person is also tested of their abilities to use or weight that information as part of the process of making the decision or if they can communicate effectively regarding the decision (by talking, using sign language, or any other way) Brown Barber (2008). According to the Mental Capacity Act 2005, anyone involved in the care or support of a person could have a say in the capacity assessment, which would usually include, family members, health and social care workers, but most importantly doctors, psychiatrist and psychologists assessments would be crucial. Typically the people who are responsible to carry out capacity assessments are nurse practitioners, social workers, doctors and neuropsychologists (Halton Council 2008). There five key principles of the mental capacity act 2005 have to be considered if a professional is to do an assessment with a person diagnosed with dementia. It is important that the social worker begins with the assumption that the person has capacity. It is also important for the social worker to understand a persons appearance or diagnosis is not a sign of a lack of capacity, therefore highlighting the need to document accurate information for considering that a person may not have capacity in relation to a specific decision. The social worker has to consider mental capacity issues throughout the assessment as they would risk and safeguarding issues, noting the specific areas which raise concern. The Mental Capacity Act 2005, Code of Practice states: Where assessments of capacity relate to day-to-day decisions and caring actions, no formal assessment procedures or recorded documentation will be required. (Davies 2008:8) The Mental Capacity Act 2005, Code of Practice, gives guidance on when there is a need for a clearly documented assessment. This is where a decision which needs to be made has major consequences, such as a decision to change accommodation or a decision to accept or decline support at home. Another reason for a clearly documented assessment may be if there is a dispute with the person, their family or the care team, as to the capacity of the individual. The person who may need the assessment may be subject to challenge therefore requiring an assessment for capacity or there may be legal consequences of finding capacity. (Davies 2008:9) One main reason for a person to have an assessment for capacity is to reduce the risk the person poses to themselves in terms of preventable suffering or damage (Davies 2008). Not all of these circumstances are exact and require professional judgement and ongoing supervision. Davies (2008) explains in some circumstances the capacity for an individual ma y be related to a specific decision at a specific point in time therefore, the need for an on-going assessment for capacity may be required. Brown and Barber (2008) discuss the concept best interests in regards to the Mental Capacity Act 2005. The Act 2005 states that one crucial principle is that if a decision is made for or, on the behalf of someone else who lacks capacity must be done, or made in that persons best interest. This principle applies to anyone who is carrying out the responsibility for making the decision such as a family member, paid worker or carer, an attorney, a court-appointed deputy or health professionals. Brown and Barber (2008) assert the need for people who have the responsibility for making other peoples decisions, being familiar with the Acts new requirements for the checklist approach. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 new checklist approach is set out to contain common factors which should be measured on every occasion a decision is to be made. The Law Commission (1995, para 3.28) First, a checklist must not unduly burden any decision-maker or encourage unnecessary intervention; secondly it must not be applied too rigidly and should leave room for all considerations relevant to the particular case; thirdly, it should be confined to major points, so that it can adapt to changing views and attitudes. A person who has the responsibility to make decisions on the behalf of someone who lacks capacity should consider the following steps to ensure the best interest of that person. These steps are to firstly encourage participation, which is for the person making the decision to do their utmost to encourage and support the person with dementia to take part in making the decision, secondly identify all relevant circumstances, this is to try include all the things the person who lacks capacity would usually take into consideration if they were making the decision themselves. Thirdly, find out the persons views who lacks capacity such as their past, present wishes and feelings, any beliefs and values, and any other factors which the person would usually consider. An important factor is to avoid discrimination and not make statements about a person best interest because of their age, appearance or diagnosis. It is necessary to consider whether the person might regain capacity, if so can the decision wait until then? Finally, the person making the decision should consider if the decision concerns life-sustaining treatment, and should not make assumptions about how the person should or shouldnt live (Falconer 2007). The Mental Capacity Act 2005 also include consulting others an a key aspect of considering how a person best interest could be meet effectively. If it is appropriate to do so, discuss with other people for their opinions about the persons best interest, as they may have information about the person wishes and feelings. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 state the people that should be consulted are: anyone previously named by the person as someone to be consulted on either the decision in question or no similar issues, anyone engaged in caring for the person, close relative, friends or others who take an interest in the persons welfare, any attorney, and any deputy appointed by the Court of Protection to make decisions for the person. (Brown and Barber 2008:34) If the decision is for an important medical treatment and there is no one to confer with then an Independent Mental Capacity Advocate (IMCA) must be consulted. In safeguarding concerns if a person is deemed to have no capacity involving a specific type of risk and decisions, and family members are deemed inappropriate, it is essential that a IMCA is involved in important safeguarding investigations in providing best interest decisions for the individual. The Independent Mental Capacity (IMCA) Service was a late initiative to the Mental Capacity Act 2005, and has been available since October 2007. Section 35 of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 highlights the main purpose of IMCA , which is to support and stand for the person concerned, to establish their wishes and feelings and to monitor that the Acts principles and the checklist are being met. The Mental Capacity Act 2005, highlights that a decision-maker does more than making a decision on someone behalf who lacks capacity, but also ensures the persons human rights are met. The Mental Health Act 1983 has a process whereby they are able to detain people who are mentally disordered which in specific circumstances would be an appropriate response, however the Mental Capacity Act 2005 have a different approach seeing restraint as deprivation of liberty. When a person is said to lack capacity it is difficult for them to decide about being in a particular place and is in effect deprived of their liberty, and there are several options which could be taken: scale down the level of restrictions to what would be seen as a restriction of movement rather than a deprivation of liberty arrange an assessment under the Mental Health Act with a view to using its powers make an application to the Court of Protection to make a personal welfare decisions follow the new Bournewood procedure consider short-term or emergency use of common law powers. (Brown Barber 2008 p.39) The Bournewood Judgement involved an NHS trust to remove an autistic man unable to speak and limited understanding from a day centre to an in-patient unit without his consent. In 2004, the European Court of Human Rights upheld the families view that detention under the Common Law of an incapable patient using the best interest argument was unlawful because it was too arbitrary (Marshall Tibbs 2006:43). If people are to be deprived of their liberty, there must be some lawful justification and some safeguards. For patients with mental illness, use of mental health legislation should be considered if the patients meet the statutory requirements. The Bournwood Judgment marked a significant step forwards in the recognition of the rights of incompetent individuals (British Medical Association 2009:87). It also enforced to the empowerment and rights of older people with impaired capacity. The fourth element of person-centred care is proving a supportive social environment, recognising that all human life is grounded in relationships and that people with dementia need an enriched social environment which both compensates for their impairment and fosters opportunities for personal growth (Brooker 2007:83). This is view of considering the social environment of a person with dementia is supported by the social model as it is based upon a person environment and social circumstance, considering dementia as an impairment which results in a person becoming unable to function as a normal person. This is a positive outlook on dementia as it can adopt a rehabilitation approach allowing chance for change and making the experience of dementia a better one, whereas, on the other hand the medical model which argues otherwise which is often a pessimistic view. Marshall Tibbs (2006) book expands the concepts of rehabilitation to include teamwork, working with families, prostheses, re moving causes of excess disability, learning motivation and focusing on what the main problem is which needs to be addressed. Whilst working with older people social workers must remember to work in an anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive manner at all stages, such as, an assessment, planning and intervention. The person-centred framework enables a social worker who works alongside people diagnosed with dementia to understand there medical conditions and to provide a package of care at a deeper level and to provide them with many opportunities in leading a valued and fulfilling life. These standards are underpinned by values and ethics that must support the development and delivery of practice. These include a social worker demonstrating respect for an individual, maintaining trust and maintaining confidentiality. Other values consist of understanding and making use of strategies to challenge discrimination, disadvantage and other forms of inequality and injustice (Crawford Walker 2009). Butler Lewis (1973 p.30) argue: Ageism can be seen as a process of systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old, just as racism and sexism accomplish this for skin colour and gender. Crawford Walker (2009) argue that working with in older people may include people who are vulnerable, who may be oppressed and disadvantaged however, each person is individual and have their process of getting older (Crawford Walker, 2009:34) therefore it is important to treat each person individually. Whilst working with older people it is essential to consider a whole range of issues such as demonstrating awareness of the legal, policy, and political context of the work being completed, combined with an in-depth understanding of the experiences of that older person in their specific situation. The social worker must be attentive to potentially abusive situations, whilst at the same time working in a multidisciplinary manner with other relevant professionals and organisations. Social workers must work towards developing a holistic approach to assist their practice in working with older people as it allows them to take into account the persons situation in society and the values an d ethics of social work. Overall the main principle to assess a person diagnosed with dementia is to remember to assume the person has capacity if proved otherwise. Once an assessment is completed and the appropriate professionals are consulted and it is deemed that the person is deemed to lack capacity then it is vital to work towards the person best interest ensuring them of their human rights. This is done by using the checklist approach ensuring all the factors are covered before a decision is made. The person who has the responsibility for make the decision on someone behalf could be a professional, family relative, Power of Attorney or an Independent Mental Capacity Advocate. All these issues must be considered whilst working with someone who lacks capacity. It is crucial when assessing and determining a persons mental capacity to take into consideration all aspects of the persons life, health and important decisions that require to be made. It is also essential that the social worker has to take into consideration that a mental capacity is based on a specific aspect of a persons capacity for example managing finances, housing etc. Word Count: 4,740

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Hydraulic fracturing, or â€Å"fracking† is a process in which natural gas and oil are extracted from shale rock layers deep within the earth by creating fractures below the earth’s surface. This is done by injecting a mixture of water, sand and chemicals at high pressure into wells. There are a number of environmental concerns related to hydraulic fracturing. One concern is the amount of water it takes to extract these resources – it could involve up to 5.9 billions gallons of water per day. In order for these fracking sites to get all that water 200 trucks are needed in order for this to happen. In drought prone areas of the country, this could create additional strain on the environment. The areas that are most prone to drought are areas like Texas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Virginia, and Kentucky along with other states surrounding them. Droughts take place all over the United States but most severely in the south as shown in this map. The dark, dark red are the states that have the most number of drought evens occur per year. The chemicals that are involved in the process are al...

Education and Economic Aspect English

As we know in this modern era English has been an international language, English has been used by many country in the world, English also used in international events, such as seminar, public discussion, conference, and treaty, the importance of English language can be seen and felt in everywhere such as: economy aspect, social aspect and educational aspect.First is economic aspect English is the dominant business language and it has become almost a necessity for all people to speak English if they are want to enter a global workforce, research from all over the world shows that the business communication is the most often conducted in English.It is very importance in the global market place to learning English because to join our dream’s jobs in any country, especially in an English-speaking country, we must be fluent in this language. Whether we are an aspiring doctor, engineer, academician, sportsperson, like students, businessmen, player’s, service holders Etc, we must learn English to progress in our field, So English language is really important for every occupation.And the second is social aspect; communication is the most important aspect to know our social, because with communication we will know the condition in our society, some countries use English as their mother tongue, English is language of communication between the people with different cultures, it is also the language of computers that help to communicate with the people around the world through Internet technology and e-mail. But we have to know that almost all computing operating systems, programs, software, etc are dominated by English language.So knowing English will help us to get information from other world. And the last is education aspect; education is one of the important aspects in our life because Education is the key to a person's future. If we have a good education it will help us to achieve all types of goals and to reach our goals we have to study until high le vel and in this modern era if we want to continue our higher education we must learn English because most of the higher education books are in English.Language is the medium of expressing thought and feelings to others. English is the International language. People of the countries of the world speak English as a common language. As a result English has become the language of communication, higher studies science and technology. It is also the language of business and diplomacy. Without English no one can go to a foreign country. It is also necessary to get a good job.So all kinds of people like students, businessmen, player’s, service holders, doctor, engineer, academician, sportsperson and etc, must learn communicative English to make progress in their life. Without communicative English no one can shine in life, so, in my opinion we should give much stress in learning English from the very beginning, even thought there are many people said that English is difficult but I t hink it is not? We just need dedicate some time on regular basis to learning English.

Intelligence essays

Intelligence essays The increasingly difficult life for low IQ people is not caused by high IQ people, but by other factors. Segregation and tension occur across IQ lines by the nature of humanity and not by the implications of high IQ people. Let's face it, life is tough for everyone regardless of his or her placement on the intelligence scale. You're too smart, too stupid, too beautiful, too ugly, too hard, too soft, too nice too mean; we've all heard it. Almost everyone can indicate some inherent trait that has made his or her life difficult. Individuals with a low IQ may point out that their low level of g has been the cause of problems in life. Intelligence researchers have found strong evidence that suggests a higher success rate for individuals of higher IQ. "A high IQ is an advantage in life because virtually all activities require some reasoning and decision-making. Conversely, a low IQ is often a disadvantage...there are many exceptions, but the odds for success in our society greatly favor individuals with higher IQs." (Gottfredson, page 14). Murray says, "It is better to be born smart and poor, than rich and stupid." With the constantly growing number of g-loaded tasks playing a more significant role in our daily routines, life may be increasingly difficult for low IQ people. "An individual's IQ, they found, is a better predictor of his prospects in life than his parents' wealth or education or all the other factors that taken together are called socioeconomic status." (Seebach - interpreting Murray's findings). Now that we've spotted a potential problem, we're going to want someone to blame for the increasingly difficult life of a low IQ person. Placing this fault on the high IQ people may feel like a good idea initially (revenge for the "brain" that always ruined the teacher's test curve in high school algebra class by scoring 100% on an exam that Pythagorean himself couldn't pass). However, it is simply not feasible to clai...

Columbine Essays - Columbine High School Massacre, Death, Murder

Columbine Essays - Columbine High School Massacre, Death, Murder Columbine Columbine The tragedy at Columbine High School is something that will be remembered and talked about for many years to come. People from across the nation have all heard about this event. But there are still a couple questions that people have. For instance whos to blame? The kids alone, the parents for how they brought the children up, or even actually the students at Columbine? Most say that the parents are to blame, but who actually knows? In my opinion the only two people that can actually answer this question truthfully are both dead. Everyone wants answers. Did the kids have help? Who was it? Who sold them the weapons and why? Why did they do this? How could they do this? I had a class about the last question. Who could actually go into a room and commit a crime of massacre in a school of people that you know and have grown up with? Most of our class thought that they couldnt ever get enough anger to do anything even remotely as bad, but when you actually think about it, if you had no fr iends and where made fun of all the time. It looked like your parents, teachers, and even all your own piers where against you. I think anyone could snap and maybe even do something as drastic as this (Why at Columbine High). Did the boys, Dylan Klebold, 17, and Eric Harris, 18, have any help doing this crime. As of yet no one has true evidence that proves they did except they did find who sold them the weapons. Police found around thirty small bombs and one twenty-pound propane bomb in the school, enough explosives to blow the school into almost nothing. For this reason people believe that the boys either had to have help or they had visited the school many times to plan this assault. No one talking though and no proof has been found. Their not only looking for information from someone that could point to someone that had helped theyre also looking for someone that had known that this was going to happen, so that they may find the answers to so many questions (The Colorado Shooting : Who Helped). Besides many bombs the police had also found a horrible suicide note. Your children who have ridiculed me, who have chosen not to accept me, who have treated me like I am not worth their time are dead. THEY ARE (expletive) DEAD. I may have taken their lives and my own - but it was your doing. Teachers, parents, LET THIS MASSACRE BE ON YOUR SHOULDERS UNTIL THE DAY YOU DIE. Those lines from the note have to be the worst thing Ive read in my life. Its almost as if they are completely happy with doing this, and they think that theyre doing for the good of the people. The letter goes on to say, You may think the horror ends with the bullet in my head, but you wouldn't be so lucky. All that I can leave you with to decipher what more extensive death is to come is 12Skizto. You have until April 26th. Goodbye. This is something that Ive only read in this one place 12Skizto what could it mean? So far course they believe it had something to do with the bombs they found in the sc hool, but who actually knows? The way they word everything is so sad. Its sad because just by reading these pieces of the note you know they must have had so much hatred towards their parents, teachers, piers, and even the parents of their piers (Police Discover Possible Suicide Note). Another tragic event that happened out of all this is the martyr Cassie Bernall's death. This girl stood up and said, There is a God, and you need to follow along God's path. And because of that simple statement that she said directly to the boys they shot her dead. What a brave little girl, giving up her life in hope that maybe just maybe the boys may stop. Unfortunately it had no effect. And now the death of Cassie Bernall will stay with everyone as the martyr of the

Politic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Politic - Essay Example According to the article written by Samuel Kernel and Gary Jacobson published in the Logic of American Politics, the judiciary system of America is arguably the weakest of the three branches the American Constitution. 2006. This will be the very essence that this essay intends to advance, the nature, function and power of the American Judicial System. A very sensational case that highlights the inherent and acquired power of the judicial system is the William Marbury versus James Madison case, which was a controversial issue regarding the interpretation of the exercise and purpose of the powers of the judicial branch. This is a case that triggered the cause for a judiciary efficiency review, followed by a series of eye opening conclusions as to the conflict created between the political faction of the Jeffersonians and the Republicans. In a gist, this case began at the time of transition of government from George Washington to James Adam, where in the night before Washinton's term ends, her attempted to fill in the vacancies by signing several appointments among which includes that of William Marbury. This Signed commissions were said to have been delivered that same night however, it did not reach the office nor residence of the plaintiff Marbury.

The Concept of Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Concept of Risk - Essay Example The occurrence of an undesirable event is known as risks and risk management is a subject of great importance in project management. The risks which occur in project management is objectified and often occurs in the form of monetary loss and there is always an uncertainty associated with the occurrence of risk, however, the results of a risk are always undesirable for the people and organizations involved in the project. Project Risk Management has become a very important field of study in recent years because the project costs are very high these years and substantial capital is involved in the execution of the projects. Moreover, monetary loss is not the only issue, the time constraint has become much more important in the current economic and political scenario and the uncertainties in the execution of the project can delay the completion of the projects. These delays can result in fines and heavy penalties and can also affect the execution of other associated projects, therefore it is imperative to analyze and manage risk properly. Some authors also include the risk of life in risk assessment associated with a project, however, in this essay, it will not be discussed as a risk in project management because it is more relevant to health and safety issues. Thus there is a general consensus among the authors regarding the definition and concept of risk in project management. A risk is always an uncertainty in the execution of the project with a little probability of occurrence.... has become a very important field of study in recent years because the project costs are very high these years and substantial capital is involved in the execution of the projects. Moreover monetary loss is not the only issue, the time constraint has become much more important in the current economic and political scenario and the uncertainties in the execution of the project can delay the completion of the projects. These delays can result in fines and heavy pnealties and can also affect the execution of other associated projects, therefore it is imperative to analyse and manage risk properly. Some authors also include the risk of life in risk assessment associated with a project, however in this essay it will not be discussed as risk in project management because it is more relevant to health and safety issues (Jeynes, 2002). Thus there is a general consensus among the authors regarding the definition and concept of risk in project management. A risk is always an uncertainty in the execution of the project with a little probability of occurrence, however if occurs it always has undesirable result. Risk Management is always carried out in five steps: 1. Identification 2. Analysis 3. Resolution 4. Implementation 5. Monitoring Risk in PRINCE2 PRINCE2 is a process driven project management method and thus the management of a project as per PRINCE2 is carried out in steps. It gives ultimate liberty to the project management team to control and neutralize risks in project management. According to PRINCE2 risk is an uncertainty in the outcome of a project, this uncertainty is a two way pehnomenon, it can be a positive opportunity or a negative threat. Thus all the unclear outcomes of a project are termed as risk in PRINCE2 method of project management (Bentley, 2005).

Impact of the 2022 World Cup hosting in Qatar Essay

Impact of the 2022 World Cup hosting in Qatar - Essay Example With regard to companies, 32% totally agreed that local companies will have long-term strategies to grow in 2022 while 58% moderately agreed with this. However, 2% totally believed that Local companies will not have long-term strategies to grow in 2022 while 8% also believed that the long-term strategies will be missing. Many Qataris expect working conditions to improve with 94% being very optimistic of better working conditions as compared to 6% who were pessimistic about improvement in working conditions. Organizational structures are also anticipated to change with 84% of participants believing that the strategies of making the organization structure will be affected by the 2022 World cup. On average, 42% of people expect improvement in the managerial environment in Qatar while 50% anticipate improvement in the managerial environment. Only 8% of participants expect no change in the managerial environment. They virtually consider the world cup to be of no benefit to the managerial environment in Qatar. Most Qataris are anticipative that Qatar’s economy will benefit from hosting the world cup with 54% totally agreeing that the event will lead to economic growth, 38% moderately expecting the growth, and 8% believe that the economy will not grow. A whopping 88% of Qataris expect more jobs to be created in the years to the event while only a 12% believe that the level of employment in the country will remain unaffected. Outrageously, 58% of Qataris fully expect inflation to creep into Qatar, 20% moderately expect the inflation, 16% are somewhat not envisioning the risk of inflation and another 6% are self-assured that the world cup will not fuel inflation in Qatar. Still, 52% fully believe that Qatar will have the highest quality of infrastructure in 2022, 26% expect the infrastructure to be top-notch, 18% not expecting any infrastructural improvement and 4% are certain that infrastructure in Qatar is not improving. Since MNCs will flock into Qatar to do

Middle Ages vs Renaissance Art Periods Essay Example for Free

Middle Ages vs Renaissance Art Periods Essay When seeking two art periods to compare and contrast, fewer artistic examples provide a starker depiction of radically changing ideas and mentality than the art of the Middle Ages against that of art from the Renaissance. First, art originating from the Middle Age will be thoroughly analyzed for context. Afterward, art from the Renaissance period art will be analyzed next to it for its departures on from Middle Age techniques and thinking, before the two are finally systematically compared and contrasted. First, art from the Middle Ages, also called art from the Medieval period, characterized a European period of little social change, general poverty, and few scientific advances. The Catholic Church remained an imposing force upon Midieval society, and dominated much of daily life. Art clearly served the role of worship above all else, and the Catholic Church actually commissioned much of the artwork of the period. Much of this art filled churches and monasteries, and took the form of sculptures, paintings and drawings, stained-glass windows, metalwork and mosaics, among other forms. The iconographical nature of the art is substantial, as it above all served the purpose of perpetuating the Catholicism of the early church. It was largely confined to Europe and areas that the Byzantine and Roman empires had once occupied, such as parts of northern Africa. It lasted almost a thousand years, from approximately around 500 C.E. to perhaps as late as 1400 C.E. The depictions within the art reflected its purpose – worship. Religious icons such as saints, the Virgin Mary, Jesus and his disciples, and other depictions provided clarity and images for believers. The images portrayed onto the media arguably reflect the times, lacking in brightness, movement, or attitude. The characters shown rarely appear upbeat. An excellent example that validates some of these generalities is Pietro Cavallini’s The Last Judgment. This painting in the Santa Cecilia in Rome uses drab colours to show what appears to be an angry Jesus overlooked by six angels, three on each side. While a beautiful work of art no doubt, the painting has little passion or movement and does not inspire anything more than fear from a fiery God. This Medieval Art from the Middle Ages contrasts sharply with the Renaissance-era works in many key ways. First, Renaissance Art, while not entirely secular to be sure, had certain overtones of the humanism sweeping Europe. Next, its style exuberates brightness, passion, and an appetite for life that cannot be found easily in Middle Age art. Renaissance Art effectively superseded and ended art period progressing during the Middle Ages, and this mirrored social trends of increasing wealth and prosperity, upward mobility, and technological advances of the time. While no doubt heavily influenced by the preceding art of the Middle Ages and often building off of some of its topic such as Christianity, Renaissance Art has a strong hint of humanism which afflicted its artists. This philosophy sought to change the nature of man’s relationship with God to exist outside the church’s realm, and the â€Å"Renaissance men† often meaning that these artists were not only artists but commonly philosophers and scientists as well. Michelangelo, who was a painter, architect, poet, engineer, and sculptor, exemplified these characteristics. His masterpiece in the Sistine Chapel, The Last Judgment, provides us a great comparison to Cavallini’s work on the same topic and contrasts the vastly different techniques and focuses of the two art periods. While Cavallini’s work lacks a variety of colours and could be described even as plain, Michelangelo’s work gives a clear view into his mind’s eye, filled with numerous angels and men moving through the heavens. While Jesus is still at the top and the Madonna next to him seems to cower in fear at his wrath, many nonetheless are lifted upward. The bright colours, quick movements, and in fact original nakedness of the characters (later covered up, at the church’s request) reflect the technique and thought process of Renaissance-era art. So taking the topic of the Last Judgment, the second coming of Christ as a comparison subject matter for extrapolation between Medieval and Renaissance art periods, the Renaissance’s brightness, liveliness and energy shine clearly. First, we saw that Middle Age art was dreary, using drab colours and little dynamism that reflected the harsh realities of life in Europe at the time. Second, Renaissance Art ended this period with the new opportunities and advances made during the Renaissance, reflected in art from the period. Multitalented Renaissance men of the period such as Michelangelo contributed simultaneously to multiple artistic fields at once. Their art reflected the optimism of the times, the great advances being made philosophically and technologically, and their work captured their excitement for mankind’s newfound humanist relationship with God. What was once seen as an angry God hell-bent on punishment was now an opportunity for a chance into the heavens, and often Renaissance Art was even entirely secular, such as masterpieces like the Mona Lisa. Therefore, the Renaissance period of art departed from the Middle Ages period of Medieval Art not simply in technique or media, but also in subject matter, philosophy, and use. The art periods correspondingly reflected their equivalent time frame as either bleak and dowdy or upbeat and energetic. References Finnan, V. (2013). The last judgement. Retrieved from http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Last-Judgement.html Gortais, B. (2003). Abstraction and art. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , 358(14-135), 1241-1249 . Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3558216 The last judgement. (2001). Retrieved from http://www.lib-art.com/artgallery/8284-the-last-judgement-pietro-cavallini.html